What is the characteristic polynomial of a $2\times 2$ matrix?

[Chris L T521]

Thanks to those who participated in last week's POTW! Here's this week's problem!

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Problem: Let $A$ be the matrix given by

\[A = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d\end{pmatrix}.\]

Prove that the characteristic polynomial $p(\lambda)$ of $A$ is given by

\[p(\lambda) = \lambda^2 - \text{tr}(A)\lambda + \det(A),\]

where $\text{tr}(A)$ denotes the trace of the matrix $A$.

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[Chris L T521]

This week's problem was correctly answered by BAdhi, dwsmith, Reckoner, Siron and Sudharaka. You can find Siron's solution below.

Spoiler

$$A = \left( \begin{array}{cc} a&b \\ c&d \end{array} \right)$$The characteristic polynomial $p(\lambda)$ can be found by calculating
$\det(A- \lambda I_2) = \det \left( \begin{array}{cc} a-\lambda&b \\ c&d-\lambda \end{array} \right) = (a-\lambda)(d-\lambda) - bc$
$=ad - d\lambda - a\lambda + \lambda^2 - bc$
$=\lambda^2 + (ad-bc) - \lambda (a+d)$We have
$\det(A) = ad-bc$
and
$\mbox{tr}(A) = a+d$therefore
$p(\lambda) = \lambda^2 - \lambda \mbox{tr}(A) + \det(A)$