I don't know if there is a formal definition, but I interpret sudden loads as loads that are applied quickly rather than gradually or slowly, for example, if you slowly apply an object
to the end of a cantilever beam, its stresses and deflections will be in accord with the laws for equilibrium , whereas if the object was placed very close to the beam and them dropped, stresses and deflections would initially be about twice as much until dampening restored the beam to the static condition. Impact loads, however , might be dropped from a height in a collision process, thereby greatly increasing initial stresses and deflections.