What is the energy of a particle

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the energy of a particle in the context of quantum mechanics, specifically regarding the energy eigenvalues of a hydrogen atom. Participants explore whether these energy values incorporate mass-energy and thermal energy, and how they relate to kinetic and potential energy.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation, Conceptual clarification, Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions whether the energy eigenvalues for the ground state of a hydrogen atom include mass-energy and thermal energy, or if they consist solely of kinetic and potential energy.
  • Another participant asserts that the energy values include whatever is represented in the Hamiltonian, which for a basic hydrogen atom is limited to kinetic energy and electric potential energy.
  • A participant clarifies that thermal energy is not applicable to individual particles but is relevant in the context of many-particle systems in thermodynamics or statistical mechanics.
  • It is suggested that mass-energy can be added manually to the Hamiltonian, or that relativistic quantum mechanics inherently includes mass-energy in its calculations.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the inclusion of mass-energy and thermal energy in the energy calculations, indicating that multiple competing perspectives remain unresolved.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights limitations regarding the definitions of energy components and the context in which thermal energy is considered, as well as the assumptions underlying the Hamiltonian used in calculations.

jaydnul
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When we do a standard QM calculation we get energy eigenvalues. So, for example in the ground state of a hydrogen atom, does that energy value include the mass-energy of the particle. Does it include the thermal energy? Or is it just the kinetic plus potential energy?
 
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It includes whatever is included in the Hamiltonian. For the most basic hydrogen atom this is just kinetic energy and electric potential energy.

Note that thermal energy is not a property of individual particles. Thermal energy in thermodynamics or statistical mechanics is part of an approximate description of systems of many particles.
 
I see. Thanks
 
You could add the mass-energy manually (just by adding mc^2 to the Hamiltonian).

If you calculate the energy with relativistic quantum mechanics, you automatically include the mass-energy in the Hamiltonian.
 

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