What is the significance of the isoelectric point in amino acid charge balance?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the significance of the isoelectric point (pI) in relation to the charge balance of amino acids, particularly focusing on the zwitterionic form and the behavior of amino acids at different pH levels. Participants explore theoretical aspects, including pKa values and the implications for amino acid charge states in various pH environments.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested
  • Mathematical reasoning

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants define the isoelectric point as the pH at which there is no net charge, questioning why it is termed a point rather than a region.
  • Others argue that at the pH range between the pKa values of the carbonyl and protonated amino groups, not all amino acids exist solely as zwitterions, but rather as an equilibrium mixture of charged and neutral forms.
  • One participant presents the pKa values for arginine and proposes that the net charges at specific pH values can be calculated, suggesting values of +0.5 at pH 9.04 and 0 at pH 12.48.
  • A later reply challenges the accuracy of the proposed net charge values for arginine, indicating potential mistakes in understanding the charges associated with the amino acid's functional groups.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the nature of the isoelectric point and the charge states of amino acids at various pH levels. There is no consensus on the correctness of the proposed net charge values for arginine, and the discussion remains unresolved regarding the implications of pKa values on charge balance.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include potential misunderstandings of the relationship between pKa values and net charge, as well as the definitions of zwitterions and the isoelectric point. The discussion does not resolve these complexities.

leopard
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The isoelectric point is define as the pH t which there is no net charge.

If the carbonyl group has pKa = 2 and the protonated amino group pKa = 9 the amino acid will exist as a zwitteron in solutions with pH between 2 and 9, right? A zwitteron has no net charge, right? So why is it called the isoelectric point, and not the isoelectric region?
 
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Zwitterion has no net charge, that's OK, but in the region you mentioned not all aminoacid is in the form of zwitterion - there is an equilibrium mixture of all possible forms - positively charged, negatively charged, neutral. There is only one exact pH value at which concentrations of positively charged and negatively charged forms is identical. At this pH value even if you add electric field there will be no net migration of aminoacid - neutral molecules will stay at their place, while migrations of positively charged and negatively charged will cancel out. At other pH values there will be net shift of the molecule positions.
 
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Arginin has pKa values 2.17, 9.04 and 12.48. Am I then right to say that the net charge of arginin at pH 9.04 and 12.48 is +0.5 and 0 respectively?
 
leopard said:
Arginin has pKa values 2.17, 9.04 and 12.48. Am I then right to say that the net charge of arginin at pH 9.04 and 12.48 is +0.5 and 0 respectively?

I can see the reasoning that got you to that first conclusion, for the first answer that is the right kind of reasoning, but
1) think you have made a mistake about the charges, there is one that can be - and two that can be +
2) the second answer is not so much along the right lines.
When the pH = the pK of a group it is half protonated and half unprotonated (check back you understand why).
 

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