Why Do Some Stars Grow So Massive?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the reasons why some stars, such as Eta Carinae and The Pistol Star, are significantly more massive than others, like the Sun. Participants explore factors influencing stellar mass, including the conditions of star formation, chemical composition, and the dynamics of gas clouds. The conversation touches on theoretical aspects of stellar evolution and the processes involved in hydrogen fusion.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Debate/contested
  • Conceptual clarification

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions whether hydrogen fusion begins at the same mass and density for all stars, suggesting that factors like chemical composition and rotational velocity of the nebular gas cloud may contribute to variations in stellar mass.
  • Another participant proposes that Eta Carinae may have had a larger amount of available gas, raising questions about the conditions necessary for fusion to ignite and whether a star can accumulate more mass after fusion begins.
  • A later reply emphasizes that the formation of massive stars, such as hypergiants, lacks a singular clear explanation, indicating that stellar formation is an area of ongoing research with many unanswered questions.
  • One participant mentions the differences between red giants and massive hot stars, noting the longer lifespans and lower densities of red giants compared to the short-lived, high-mass stars that produce heavier elements through nuclear fusion.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the factors influencing stellar mass and the processes of star formation. There is no consensus on the explanations for the observed variations in stellar mass, indicating that the discussion remains unresolved.

Contextual Notes

Some assumptions about the conditions necessary for fusion and the dynamics of gas accumulation are not fully explored, leaving gaps in understanding the complexities of stellar formation.

mjacobsca
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Why are some stars so much more massive than others? Eta Carinae and The Pistol Star are 100X more massive than the Sun. When stars are forming, doesn't hydrogen fusion begin at about the same mass and density for all stars? Or does chemical composition and rotational velocity of the nebular gas cloud contribute to such huge variations? I assume Eta Carinae had a larger amount of available gas in the first place. But if fusion can start when the star has accumulated smaller mass like our Sun, why doesn't it ignite and push the remaining gas away before growing larger? Can it accumulate more mass from the gas cloud after igniting? I also assume collisions with other stars are rare enough not to be considered.
 
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I suggest that you Google "stellar accretion rates" and start browsing the papers and following the citations in them.
 
mjacobsca said:
Why are some stars so much more massive than others? Eta Carinae and The Pistol Star are 100X more massive than the Sun. When stars are forming, doesn't hydrogen fusion begin at about the same mass and density for all stars? Or does chemical composition and rotational velocity of the nebular gas cloud contribute to such huge variations? I assume Eta Carinae had a larger amount of available gas in the first place. But if fusion can start when the star has accumulated smaller mass like our Sun, why doesn't it ignite and push the remaining gas away before growing larger? Can it accumulate more mass from the gas cloud after igniting? I also assume collisions with other stars are rare enough not to be considered.

From what I understand, red giants are really long lived stars and much less dense and cooler than the short-lived massive hot stars that produce the higher elements in nuclear fusion and distribute them by becoming supernovae.
 
The honest answer is that some stars (not 100x) such as hypergiants, much like supermassive black holes, don't have one clear explanation. Stellar formation isn't exactly a mystery, but it's an ongoing realm of study with unanswered questions.
 

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