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Math
Emeritus
Thanks
PF Gold
P: 38,706
 Quote by *FaerieLight* I'm having difficulty understanding the concepts presented in the following question. I'm given a matrix, [2,4,1,2,6; 1,2,1,0,1; ,-1,-2,-2,3,6; 1,2,-1,5,12], which is the matrix representation of a linear operator from R5 to R4. The question asks me to find a basis of the image and the kernel of the map. Row-reducing the matrix gives [1,2,0,0,-1; 0,0,1,0,2; 0,0,0,1,3; 0,0,0,0,0,] as the reduced row echelon form. I'm told that the columns 1, 3 and 4 are linearly independent, and hence the corresponding columns of the original matrix form a basis of the image of A. This is what I don't understand. How do I know that these columns are linearly independent? I suppose it has something to do with the fact that these columns are the only ones with a single 1 entry, while all the rest of the entries are 0, above and below. But why should this feature necessarily mean that the columns are linearly independent?
Because that means your vectors are of the form
$$v_1= \begin{bmatrix}1 \\ a_1 \\ a_2 \\ ...\end{bmatrix}$$
$$v_2= \begin{bmatrix}0 \\ 1 \\ b2 \\ ...\end{bmatrix}$$
$$v_3= \begin{bmatrix}0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \\ ...\end{bmatrix}$$
etc.

Now, suppose we have some linear combination $\alpha_1v_1+ \alpha_2v_2+ \alpha_3v3+ ...= 0$
That gives
$$\begin{bmatrix}\alpha_1 \\ \alpha_1a_1+ \alpha_2 \\ \alpha_1a_2+ \alpha_2b_2+ \alpha_3\\ ...\end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ ...\end{bmatrix}$$
The first component gives $\alpha_1= 0$. The second component gives $\alpha_1a_+ \alpha_2= 0$ and since $\alpha_1= 0$, $\alpha_2= 0$. The third component gives $\alpha_1a_2+ \alpha_2b_2+ \alpha_3= 0$. Since $\alpha_1= 0$ and $\alpha_2= 0$, $\alpha_3= 0$, etc. That is, all scalars in the linear combination are 0 which means the vectors are independent.

 After determining the linearly independent columns, why should the corresponding columns of the original matrix correspond to a basis of the image of A?
Imagine taking A times each of the vectors <1, 0, 0, 0, 0>, <0, 1, 0, 0, 0>, <0, 0, 1, 0, 0>, <0, 0, 0, 1, 0>, and <0, 0, 0, 0, 1>, the "standard basis" for R5 in turn. You would get, of course, just the 5 columns of the matrix. Since "row reduction" does not change "independence", you know that the first, third, and fourth rows of the row-reduced form are independent, so are the first, third, and fourth rows of the original matrix and we know they are in the kernel. The other two, the second and fifth columns, are not independent so they map <0, 1, 0, 0, 0> and <0, 0, 0, 0, 1> into combinations of the other three columns- that is those three columns span the image as well as being independent and so are a basis for the image.

 Also, how would I find a basis for the kernel from the row-reduced echelon form? Thanks very much.
A vector, v, is in the kernel of A if and only if Av= 0. Imagine solving the equation by row reducing the augmented matrix. The added column is all 0s so no matter what the row operations are, the last column will remain all 0s. That is, row reducing the augmented matrix for your example will give
$$\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}1 & 2 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 2\\0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 3\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right|\left|\begin{array}{c}0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0\end{array}\right]$$
If call a vector in the domain <u, v, x, y, z> those say that we must have u+ 2v- z= 0, x+ 2z= 0, and y+ 3z= 0. From the second and third equations, x= -2z and y= -3z. From the first equation, z= u+ 2v so that x= -2(u+ 2v)= -2u- 4v and y= -3(u+ 2v)= -3u- 6v. That is, we can write any vector in the kernel as <u, v, x, y, z>= <u, v, -2u-4v, -3u- 6v, u+ 2v>= <u, 0, -2u, -3u>+ <0, v, 4v, -6v, 2v>= <1, 0, -2, -3>u+ <0, 1, 4, -6, -2>v which tells us that any vector in the kernel can be written as a linear combination of <1, 0, -2, -3> and <0, 1, 4, -6, -2>. And those are clearly independent because of the "<1, 0" and "<0, 1" first two terms.