Benjamin Seet's Questions on Math, Pion Creation, Beta Decay & Electron Levels

[Tom McCurdy]

Quoting Benjamin Seet <ugmail544@yahoo.co.uk>:

> Yea hi,
>
>
> My mathematics is still not up to standard yet, I
> can't really do much, aside from basic calculus,
> that's about it, maybe basic matrices.
>
> 1. Schrödinger equation: If I'm not wrong, the time
> dependent equation is the easiest to solve right? What
> is the simplest form of the equation?
>
> I do not understand how do I work with the del-squared
> operator, and how to solve the first order PD of
> d(psi)/dt. As well as the imaginary no. i, help in
> this would be really really appreciated.
>
> 2. Pion creation: How are pions created? the ones
> which nucleons exchange among themselves? I've read
> something about "pulling" individual quarks (i.e.
> making it gain energy) from a particle, in this case a
> nucleon, and a meson would be formed.
>
> Is this how pions are made? When the gluons constantly
> change the colours of quarks inside a nucleon?
>
> 3. Beta Decay: If in negative beta decay, a neutron
> changes into a proton, charge is conserved. But the
> newly created electron, the beta particle, is soon
> expelled from the atom. How can the atom remain
> chemically stable after that as it is now an ion?
>
> 4. Electron Levels: Exclusion principle states that no
> 2 fermions with similar spin can inhabit the same
> quantum state. But how is it that in certain electron
> levels, there's more than 2. There's something about
> angular momentum and stuff like that which I don't
> really understand.
>
> I've read that each level has a unique number of
> electrons in which it can accommodate, so is the model
> used in chemistry wrong? The first level having only
> 2, and the rest 8?

 

[lilydaisy15]

electron levels are made of several orbitals, hunds rules states that each individual orbital can ONLY have 2 electrons of opposite spins... when you do electron configuration you have one arrow up and one down this is what Hund is talking about. for example p has 3 orbitals and each has only 2 electrons