Maximizing gain in a bipolar transistor amplifier: capacitor vs. resistor

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the behavior of a bipolar transistor amplifier, specifically addressing the output voltage when there is no input signal and the implications of removing a coupling capacitor on gain. Participants explore theoretical expectations, biasing conditions, and methods to maximize gain in the circuit.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested
  • Mathematical reasoning

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions the expected output voltage (Vout) when there is no input, expressing uncertainty about whether it should be large or small.
  • Another participant estimates that Vout should be around 7.5V based on the biasing of the transistor at the Q-point, suggesting that the collector current induces a voltage drop across the collector resistor.
  • A different participant provides a detailed biasing analysis, indicating that to achieve a quiescent collector current of about 1mA, specific voltage levels at the emitter and base should be targeted, and suggests checking the resistor values and transistor pinout.
  • One participant expresses confusion after receiving conflicting information about the expected output voltage, clarifying their measurement of around 8V and seeking further understanding about the role of a capacitor in gain enhancement.
  • Another participant discusses the impact of removing a 15μF capacitor, noting that it typically lowers gain but proposes that grounding the emitter could maximize gain, albeit at the cost of bias stability. They also mention that using the capacitor allows for effective grounding at higher frequencies to achieve maximum gain.
  • Suggestions are made about cascading stages or using a current source to increase gain further if needed.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the expected output voltage without input and the effects of removing the coupling capacitor on gain. There is no consensus on the correct output voltage or the best approach to maximize gain, indicating ongoing debate and exploration of the topic.

Contextual Notes

Participants reference specific voltage levels and current values based on assumptions about the circuit configuration, which may not be universally applicable. The discussion includes various interpretations of the role of components in the amplifier's performance, highlighting potential dependencies on specific circuit designs.

math&science
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I have the amplifier in the attached file and I measured Vout without any input and got a really big number. Should it be really big or really small? I mean theoretically, what should it be equal to because I'm not sure that my answer makes any sense. Thanks!
 

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I'll admit I didn't bother doing any calcualtions so take this as a best hunch: With no input on the base you should have ~7.5V out. The transistor should probably be biased somewhere in the middle of the Q-point thus the CE current should induce about a 7.5V drop across the Collector resistor. This is a rough assessment.
 
To bias the output at half of the 15V supply, you want about 1mA of quiescent collector current (given the collector resistor that you show). That puts the emitter at about 1V, and the base at about 1.6V. The input resistor divider should be sized to provide that bias voltage, accounting for the base current of about 1mA/beta. I didn't check the base resistor divider to see if it accomplishes this -- check the values, and then probe the E,B,C points again to see if you can figure out what might be wrong. When you say a "big value" for Vc, I assume you mean up by the 15V rail? If so, figure out why the transistor is off. And make sure that you have the pinout right for the 2N3904.
 
Oh thank you! I got around 8 V but then someone told me it should be a really small number and so I got confused. Thank you for clarifying.
One more question, if you have an input but took out the 15microF capacitor, is it possible to increase the gain in any way? I know that if you take out the capacitor, you get a lower gain because that capacitor increases the output voltage.
 
Last edited:
math&science said:
One more question, if you have an input but took out the 15microF capacitor, is it possible to increase the gain in any way? I know that if you take out the capacitor, you get a lower gain because that capacitor increases the output voltage.
The gain of that configuration is about -Rc/Re, where Re is the sum of the intrinsic emitter resistance re and the external emitter resistor. You can ground the emitter to maximize the gain, but then your bias point is not as stable over temperature and transistor component variations. Using the capacitor in parallel with the emitter resistor gives you an effective grounding of the emitter at frequencies above 1/2piRC, which gives you max gain there. If you need more gain, you will need to cascade (not cascode...) a couple stages in series, or use a current source instead of the collector resistor.
 

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