Basically it comes from this really simple idea: "The tangent line to ##x_0## resembles the curve near ##x_0##". For instance the curve defined by ##y=\sin x## resembles the tangent line to it at ##0## near zero:
For example it is really hard to determine...
To understand more the philosophy of the infinite read Rucker - Infinity and the mind, it will clarify a lot of misconceptions you have.
1) Infinity isn't odd nor even if you try to apply the definition of an odd and an even number it will basically fail for the infinite, adding to that the...
There's the excellent Chicago mathematics bibliography:
http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~abhishek/chicmath.htm
which is divided into 3 parts:
ELEMENTARY
Algebra (4) Geometry (2) Foundations (1) Problem solving (4) Calculus (6) Bridges to intermediate topics (2)...
Here's an outline of the solution: As pointed out by Student100 the substitution ##\cos\theta\leadsto x## produces a quadratic, and if you know the roots of a quadratic -- say ##ax^2+bx+c## with roots ##r_1,r_2## if any -- then you can factor it as ##a(x-r_1)(x-r_2)##. The only step that remains...
This system of linear equations, like any other, can be solved by first writing it in upper-triangular form then using the method of back-substitution. Let's first define the terms we used: A system in upper-triangular form is one like...
I was having the same problem as you some time ago, where I decided to use Kleppner as a first exposition to physics. But I lamentably failed since I didn't have much of the basic university physics knowledge and I didn't know calculus at that time either. But I eventually found the solution...