To convert voltage to acceleration using an accelerometer, the output voltage of 2.5 V can be divided by the sensitivity of 9.9 mV/g. This calculation results in acceleration measured in g (gravitational force). The discussion emphasizes that units can be manipulated like fractions, confirming that voltage divided by sensitivity yields acceleration. Participants also inquire about book sources for further validation, suggesting a need for references on instrumentation and algebra. Understanding these conversions is essential for accurate measurements in applications involving accelerometers.