Undergrad Could there be new particles after the Universe reaches heat death?

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The discussion centers on the fate of the universe, specifically the heat death scenario, which is considered the most probable outcome. It explores the possibility of new particles forming from quantum fluctuations using residual energy after heat death, despite the redshift of energy making this increasingly unlikely. Participants note that even if quantum tunneling occurs, the conditions may not allow for new particle creation. Ultimately, the conversation highlights the lack of a definitive theoretical model to address these questions, leading to the conclusion that no clear answers can be provided. The thread concludes with the acknowledgment of the limitations in current understanding of the universe's fate.
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Could there be new particles after the universe will reach heat death?
Apparently, among the options for the fate of the universe, the universe reaching heat death in the extremely far future is the most likely one, after the last black holes would have evaporated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe)

But, even if objects in extremely long timescales would quantum tunnel into black holes by quantum fluctuations, could there be also some quantum fluctuations that would make new particles to form (using the energy "leftovers" of the universe after heat death)? Or because energy (like electromagnetic radiation) will be redshifted, there will be a point where this would be impossible? Is there any "escape" or loop-hole to heat death?
 
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As @PeterDonis said last time, "The answer to this is the same as the answer to all the other threads you have posted asking the same basic question."
 
There is no way of answering this question since we have no accepted theoretical model. Thread closed.
 

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