Deducing Properties of M^2=I Given an nxn Matrix

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the properties of an n by n matrix M with complex coefficients, specifically under the condition that M squared equals the identity matrix (M² = I) and M is not equal to the identity matrix. Participants explore implications for eigenvalues and related concepts in linear algebra.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Mathematical reasoning
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant notes that M satisfies the polynomial x² - 1 but not x - 1, suggesting that the minimal polynomial could be either x² - 1 or x + 1, which informs the eigenvalues.
  • Another participant asserts that -1 is an eigenvalue of M and questions whether the equation Mx = -x has a non-trivial solution, later expressing confidence that it does due to the relationship between eigenspace dimension and geometric multiplicity.
  • A participant argues that if -1 were not an eigenvalue, then all eigenvalues would be 1, leading to the conclusion that M would have to be the identity matrix, which contradicts the initial condition.
  • Discussion shifts to a related question about a different matrix N, with participants agreeing that a non-zero determinant implies at least one non-zero eigenvalue.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants generally agree on the implications of the eigenvalue -1 for matrix M, but there are varying degrees of certainty regarding the existence of non-trivial solutions related to eigenvectors. The discussion about matrix N appears to reach a consensus on the existence of non-zero eigenvalues.

Contextual Notes

Participants reference definitions and properties of minimal polynomials and eigenvalues, indicating a reliance on specific mathematical concepts that may not be fully explored in the discussion.

Ultraworld
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Given an n by n matrix M with complex coefficients such that M2 = I and M is not equal to I.

What can I deduce from it. e.g. what does it say about the eigenvalues?



edit: of course M -1 = M.
 
Last edited:
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M satisfies the polynomial x^2-1. M does not satisfy x-1. That tells you that the minimal poly is either x^2-1 or x+1. That tells you all of the eigenvalues.
 
So -1 is an eigenvalue of M.

However am I guaranteed that the equation M x = - x has a non-trivial solution?

EDIT: I think the answer is yes cause the dimension of the Eigenspace is the same as the geometric multiplicity of -1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue (see definitions)

EDIT2: I am sure the answer is yes
 
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If -1 is not an eigen value of M, then all its eigenvalues are 1, and it must satisfy x-1, so M would be the identity matrix, which we are told it is explicitly not.

By definition, if t is an eigenvalue of M, then there is an eigenvector with eigenvalue t.
 
thanks Matt. This was part of a bigger problem and that bigger one is now solved.
 
I can make my solution much easier.

Given a n by n matrix N with complex coefficients and det N != 0. Does N has a non-zero eigenvalue?
 
Last edited:
Yes. Obviously.
 
Any determinant has at least one eigenvalue (in the complex numbers) because every polynomial has at least one complex solution. Since the determinant is not 0, that eigenvalue is not 0, therefore ---
 

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