How is the degree of vacuum in the Universe measured?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the measurement of vacuum in the universe, specifically addressing the concept of "absolute vacuum" and the pressures involved in creating deep vacuums on Earth. Participants explore the implications of these pressures on spacecraft and compare them to atmospheric conditions experienced by high-flying aircraft.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant notes that the deepest vacuum achieved on Earth is about 1000 molecules per cm3, requiring immense energy to reach a pressure of 400 billion bars.
  • Another participant explains that spacecraft can withstand the pressure difference because their internal pressure can be at normal atmospheric levels, which is similar to conditions faced by high-flying airplanes.
  • A different viewpoint suggests that the stress on a vessel's skin is proportional to the difference between internal and external pressures, questioning the relevance of the 400 billion bars figure in relation to molecular density.
  • One participant emphasizes that achieving ultra-deep vacuums is more about the purity of the process rather than the energy required, expressing uncertainty about the comparison of billions of bars to absolute vacuum.
  • A participant provides a link to a previous discussion on vacuums that may offer additional insights.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the relationship between pressure, molecular density, and the concept of absolute vacuum. There is no consensus on the significance of the 400 billion bars figure or its connection to the molecular count.

Contextual Notes

Participants mention various assumptions regarding pressure measurements and the definitions of vacuum, but these remain unresolved within the discussion.

Yuri B.
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Hello
It seems we refer to the outer space as "the absolute vacuum." I read recently that the deepest vacuum man reached on the Earth is about 1000 molecules per cm3. To obtain this there was needed energy sufficient to reach a pressure of 400 billions Bars.
Why space ships do not burst like the bubbles of soap up there ?
 
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Because their internal pressure is at most the normal atmospheric pressure. It can be less.
The shell of the ship can hold that pressure.

A similar situation is encountered for high flying passenger airplanes. Although they don't fly in vacuum, they do in low atmospheric pressure, so they're subjected to similar forces.

An "absolute vacuum", or a not so absolute vacuum, will result in a similar difference in pressure and in similar forces exerted on the shell of the ship.
 
If a vessel is pressurized at 1 bar (which I'll call P1), and the outside pressure is P (< P1), the stress on the skin is proportional to P1-P. If P = 0.01 bar for example, the stress is 99% of what it would be in absolute vacuum (P=0).
I'm not sure what the 400 billion bars is about, but it has nothing to do with 1000 molecules/cm2. By the way, 1 bar is ~4x1019 molecules/cm2.
 
Yes, achieving ultra deep vacuums is not qwestion of energy but rather purity of the process. Cannot find any more the article which stated the billions bars pressure to be comparable with absolute vacuum.
 

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