FEM Clarification: What is a Linear Element?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the definition and characteristics of "linear elements" in the context of finite element methods (FEM), specifically in one-dimensional scenarios. Participants explore various interpretations and implications of linearity in finite elements, including their geometric properties and the nature of shape functions.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants suggest that a finite element is considered linear if the shape (interpolation) functions are linear in the 1D variable.
  • Others propose that linearity may refer to the trial function being linear in the 1D variable.
  • One participant mentions that "linear element" could mean the element is geometrically a straight or curved line, such as a rod or beam, rather than a surface or solid element.
  • Another viewpoint indicates that linear elements might only be applicable for linear elastic materials, excluding plasticity and creep.
  • It is also noted that the formulation may be limited to small strain and small displacement problems.
  • A later reply clarifies that "linear element" typically refers to the use of linear shape functions for mapping geometric elements, distinguishing it from material linearity.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express multiple competing views regarding what constitutes a linear element in FEM, indicating that the discussion remains unresolved with no consensus reached.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights the ambiguity in the term "linear element," with various interpretations depending on context, such as geometric properties, shape functions, and material behavior. Limitations in definitions and assumptions are noted but not resolved.

Who May Find This Useful

This discussion may be useful for individuals studying finite element methods, particularly those interested in the nuances of element classification and the implications of linearity in FEM applications.

Niles
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Hi

In my book on FEM they talk about "linear elements" (in 1D). My question is: When is a finite element considered linear?

Is it when the shape (interpolation) functions are linear in the 1D variable?
Is it when the trial function is linear in the 1D variable?
 
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Niles said:
Hi

In my book on FEM they talk about "linear elements" (in 1D). My question is: When is a finite element considered linear?

Is it when the shape (interpolation) functions are linear in the 1D variable?
Is it when the trial function is linear in the 1D variable?

interesting question, but I cannot help you. Just a guess...when the material is fully elastic?
 
It could mean several different things

1. The element is geometrically a straight or curved line (for example a rod or beam) not a surface or solid element.
2. The element shape functions are linear.
3. The element formulation only works for linear elastic materials (no plasticity, creep, etc).
4. The element formulation only works for small strain, small displacement problems.

Without more context, it's hard to give a good answer.
 
"Linear element" normally just mean that the shape functions used to map the geometric element (the element as it looks in the body you are meshing) to the parent element are linear (1D), bilinear (2d), or trilinear (3d). This is sometimes called "p=1" (for polynomial level = 1) elements. Normally they aren't talking at all about the linearity of the material constitutive relation. In 1D, two shape functions completely define the behavior of the computed variable (in structures, that would be the displacement field); in 2D, four shape functions, and 3D, 8 shape functions--you'll often read that an element is defined by the number of nodes, though that's confusing sometimes, as in p=2 (quads) and higher p-levels, you have shape functions assigned to element edges and the middle of the element.
 
Thanks for all the suggestions!

Cheers!

Niles.
 

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