Besides moving things around in the cytoplasm with motor proteins moving on the cytoskeleton, there are other processes that can either move or control where things. You mentioned some of these in your post.
Membranes provide a separation between the cytoplasm and the outside of the cell. Internal membranes separate the cytoplasm from membrane limited confined spaces that are inside the cell. Biological membranes can pinch off and
fuse together based on their biophysics. The lumen contents of different spaces separated by a membrane from the cytoplasm can mix together if they fuse. Different proteins are associated with different membranes in different parts of the cell. This gives different membranes a variety of different properties. Biological control of membrane fusion, pinching off bits and movement is exerted by the different specific proteins in a very detailed way.
Like other things in the cytoplasm, membrane vesicles can be transported around by the motor proteins on things like microtubules.
There is a lot of specificity of what and how things
get transported across membranes in different locations based on the membrane proteins present.
There are also https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21731/ that target the proteins to the cytoplasm or to membranes or across membranes to lumenal spaces.
There are also different cytoplasmic regions, such as: apical vs. basal surfaces of a cell, or in neurons axons vs. dendrites, presynaptic vs. post-synaptic areas, etc. where different set of proteins will end up. These regions are probably molecularly distinguished in some way.
Phenomena such as differential adhesion between the proteins and other cytoplasmic components can result in sorting out of parts by different adhesion. More multiple and more complex specificities that can lead to a sequential stacking of molecular components to auto-assemble larger scale structures. This is similar to the reassembly of molecular components in some biochemistry experiments.
Binding between two proteins could also change their conformations and result in a change in behavior, like, staying stuck together.
Adhesion and binding of a substrate to a receptor are similar and related in many ways.
The structure of neurons (one of my favorite cells) accentuate these issues. Motor neurons (with their cell body and cell body in the spinal cord) project a thin little axon out to the muscles where they make synapses. In a giraffe foot muscle the synapses can be a few meters away from the nucleus where DNA transcription (DNA --> RNA) happens. Either proteins produced in the cell body have to be transported to the distant synaptic areas or the RNA and ribosomes have to be transorted there to make protein on site.
Here is another
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0815341059/?tag=pfamazon01-20 which covers these issues.