Von Economo neurons (VENs) are long spindly cells which have been found only in human brains and those of some other primates and which seem to be crucial for social intelligence. They occur in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and, in humans in the insula. The ACC is active when people assess their own actions, especially in a social context, and when we experience empathy, trust, guilt and deceipt. It seems to measure what a person is doing, and the results of the action, against their goals, providing a feedback mechanism that alerts people speedily to their errors so they can alter their actions. VENs bridge the upper part of the limbic system at the bottom of the ACC, and the cortex, and are thought to ensure that information about one's visceral reactions to what is going on are communicated to the cortex so that they can be taken into account as the conscious brain works out what to do, They are one of the mechanisms which seem to give rise to the sense of self.

In the insula, which is concerned with the visceral self (monitoring our body's boundaries, and information from the internal organs) VENs may carry out a similar bridging function. One part of the brain which is particularly concerned with monitoring own own internal states lies within the inside front edge of the longitudinal fissure, the deep chasm that runs from the front of the brain to the back. This, the anterior cingulate cortex, is sensitive to information from the body and seems to play a part in labeling stimuli as coming from outside or in.