Integral equation Fredholm series

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The forum discussion centers on the application of the Fredholm series to the integral equation defined by \(f(x) = 1 + \lambda\int_0^1(xy + x^3y^2)f(y)dy\). The user calculates \(D(\lambda) = 1 - \frac{\lambda}{2} + \frac{\lambda^2}{90}\) and identifies repeated zeros in the Taylor series expansion after the second order. The derived solutions for \(f(x)\) using both the Fredholm method and the sum of separable kernels yield slightly different results, prompting a request for clarification on potential errors in the calculations.

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Dustinsfl
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Given
\[
f(x) = 1 + \lambda\int_0^1(xy + x^3y^2)f(y)dy.
\]
To use the Fredholm series, we need to find \(D(\lambda)\) which is \(1 - \text{order }\lambda + \cdots\). I have already calculated the orders and of order 3 and 4 the terms are 0 so the terms greater than 3 are all zero since we have repeated zeros.
\[
\text{order }\lambda:\quad\int_0^1K(y,y)dy = \frac{1}{2}
\]
and
\[
\text{order }\lambda^2:\quad\iint_0^1
\begin{vmatrix}
K(y,y) & K(y,y')\\
K(y',y) & K(y',y')
\end{vmatrix}
dydy' = \frac{1}{90}
\]
Therefore,
\[
D(\lambda) = 1 - \frac{\lambda}{2} + \frac{\lambda^2}{90}.
\]
Next we need to find \(\mathcal{D}(x,y;\lambda)\). In the Taylor series, we obtain repeated zeros after order lambda squared and lambda cubed. Again, repeated zeros so
\[
\mathcal{D}(x,y;\lambda) = K(x,y) - \lambda\int_0^1
\begin{vmatrix}
K(x,y) & K(x,z)\\
K(z,y) & K(z,z)
\end{vmatrix}dz =
-\lambda \left(\frac{x^3 y^2}{3}-\frac{x^3 y}{4}-\frac{x y^2}{5}+\frac{x y}{6}\right)+x^3 y^2+x y
\]
I get
\[
f(x) = 1 + \frac{\lambda}{D(\lambda)}\int_0^1\mathcal{D}(x,y;\lambda)dy
= \text{see second post}
\]
 
Last edited:
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The solution I get for the Fredholm method is
\[
f(x) = 1 - 3x\lambda\frac{\lambda - 30}{180 + \lambda(2\lambda - 45)} +
5x^3\lambda\frac{\lambda + 24}{360 + 2\lambda(2\lambda - 45)},
\]
and when I use the sum of separable kernels, I get
\[
f(x) = 1 - 3x\lambda\frac{\lambda - 30}{180 + \lambda(\lambda - 90)} +
5x^3\lambda\frac{\lambda + 24}{360 + 2\lambda(\lambda - 90)},
\]
The math for the Fredholm method is above and the math for the separable kernels is in http://mathhelpboards.com/differential-equations-17/integral-equations-7278.html second post. They should yield the same result but aren't. They are just off a little. Which one is wrong? Where is there a mistake?
 

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