# Introductory Quantum Mechanics exercise.

1. Aug 19, 2016

### gasar8

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
We describe particle's movement with the Hamiltonian:
$$H=- \frac{\Delta E}{2} |0\rangle \langle0| + \frac{\Delta E}{2} |1\rangle \langle1|,$$

where $|0\rangle$ and $|1\rangle$ are the ortonormal basis. Let:
$$|a\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}|0\rangle +\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} |1\rangle.$$

a) Find $|b\rangle$ state, so that it would form orthonormal basis of a Hilbert space with $|a\rangle$.
b) Find eigenvalues and eigenstates of a projector $P_b=|b \rangle \langle b|$.
c) Let a particle be in an $|a \rangle$ state at t=0. Find the time evolution of a wave function.
d) At t>0 we do a measurement of an operator$P_b$. What are possible results of a measurement and what are their chances?

3. The attempt at a solution
a) We can write:
$$|b \rangle = A |0 \rangle + B |1 \rangle\\ \langle a|b \rangle=0 \\ \langle b|b \rangle=1.$$
We get:
$$A=iB \\ |A|^2 + |B|^2=1,$$
and finally:
$$|b \rangle = \frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} |0 \rangle +\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} |1 \rangle.$$

b) I am not sure what to do here? Do I have to use a projector on states?
$$P_b |b \rangle =|b \rangle \langle b|b \rangle$$
I get only b state (because $\langle b|b \rangle=1$) as an eigenfunction (?), but I'm not sure what are the eigenvalues then?
$$P_b |a \rangle =0$$

c) $$| a,t \rangle = e^{-i \frac{H}{\hbar} t} | a,0 \rangle \\ H|0\rangle=-\frac{\Delta E}{2} |0\rangle \\ H|1\rangle= \frac{\Delta E}{2} |1\rangle \\ | a,t \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} e^{i \frac{\Delta E}{2 \hbar} t} |0 \rangle + \frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} e^{-i \frac{\Delta E}{2 \hbar} t} |1 \rangle$$
Is this OK?

d) Here, I have got some problems. I am thinking - we can get 0, if the wave function is still in $|a\rangle$ state or (I don't know what) if the wave function gets in to $|b\rangle$ state.
But on the other hand I think here must be something with $|0\rangle$ and $|1\rangle$ states, so that I use only square of absolute values of coefficients from c) for their chances (which are 50:50?).

2. Aug 19, 2016

### kontejnjer

Your part a) seems to be correct, although you've ignored a potential phase factor, making the general solution for $|b\rangle=\frac{i}{\sqrt 2} e^{i\phi}+\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}e^{i\phi}$ (not -really- an issue, just being pedantic here).

For part b), you're on the right track: if $P_b |b\rangle=|b\rangle$, what does that tell you about the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors (hint: it's almost trivial)? A similar conclusion can be obtained from $P_b|a\rangle=0$.

Part c) looks good.

Regarding the last part, I think you can just rewrite state $|a,t\rangle$ in terms of states $|a,0\rangle$ and $|b,0\rangle$ instead, and then apply the projector to it and see which coefficients you obtain.

3. Aug 21, 2016

### gasar8

a) Ok, but what does this phase factor mean? I imagine those two states $|a\rangle$ and $|b\rangle$ in a plane, and they are perpendicular (like x and y axis in coordinate plane). Does this only mean that they are randomly directed in a plane like on the next pic?

b) I think I have got problems with this precisely because it is trivial and don't really understand what are eigenvalues and -vectors of such kind of operators. :)
From the definition of an eigenvector and eigenvalue ($A v=\lambda v$, where $A$ is operator, $v$ is eigenvector and $\lambda$ is eigenvalue), I would say that in our case $P_b |b\rangle=|b\rangle$, eigenvalue is 1 and eigenvector is $|b\rangle$ and in $P_b|a\rangle=0$ eigenvalue is 0 and eigenvector still $|a\rangle$? Or vector $\vec{0}$?

d) Big thanks! I rewrited:
$$| a,t \rangle = A |a,0 \rangle + B |b,0 \rangle \\ =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(A+iB)|0 \rangle +\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (iA+B)|1 \rangle,$$
from which I nicely get:
$$| a,t \rangle = \cos(\frac{\Delta E}{2 \hbar}t) |a,0 \rangle + \sin(\frac{\Delta E}{2 \hbar}t) |b,0 \rangle$$
If I now apply $P_b$ to this, I get:
$$P_b |a,t\rangle=0 |a,0\rangle + \sin(\frac{\Delta E}{2 \hbar}t) |b,0 \rangle.$$
So the results of a measurement are 0 or sine?
Chances are just squares of absolute values of coefficients in $|a,t\rangle$ and the wave function collapses to the measured state?

4. Aug 21, 2016

### kontejnjer

An absolute phase has no physical significance, it's a sort of a redundancy in the description of the state, and doesn't influence any observables, that is, expectation values of hermitian operators. However, a relative phase difference between states can be detected: see for instance the Aharonov-Bohm effect (Sakurai - Modern quantum mechanics (2010), ch. 2.7 has some info).

You are right for part b), the eigenvalues of the operator are just 0 and 1, and the eigenvectors are $|a\rangle$ and $|b\rangle$ respectively (for the first one just note that $P_b|a\rangle=0\cdot |a\rangle$). Note that the null vector cannot be an eigenvector by definition, since any linear map acting on it would result in 0 trivially.

The last part is right, but it seems a bit strange that the probabilities do not add up to 1 at all times. However, the operator in question is a projector, so given a basis of a Hilbert space denoted as $|c_i\rangle$, the completeness relation is $\sum\limits_i|c_i\rangle\langle c_i|=1$, in your case being $|a\rangle\langle a|+|b\rangle\langle b|=1$, so nothing is violated, see Sakurai ch. 1.3 for more details.

5. Aug 22, 2016

### gasar8

Why? Isn't the sum of squares of sine and cosine in $| a,t \rangle$ always 1?
Thank you!

Another question.
We've got a free particle with spin 1/2. We mesure z-component of its spin and get $\frac{\hbar}{2}$.
a) After this, we measure the x-component, too. What are possible results and what are their probabilities?
b) What if we measure the component of its spin at angle $\theta$ about z axis?

a) I am not sure here. Firstly, I would say that its spin wave function collapses after first measurement in z component so then we get 0 with 100%, but in other hand if we use $S_x$ operator, we get something:
$$S_x |\uparrow \rangle = \frac{S_++S_-}{2} |\uparrow \rangle = \frac{\hbar}{2} |\downarrow \rangle$$

b) At lectures we said:
$$| \psi \rangle = \cos(\frac{\theta}{2}) |\uparrow \rangle + \sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) e^{i \phi} |\downarrow \rangle$$

6. Aug 22, 2016

### blue_leaf77

Are you familiar with working with Pauli matrices? If yes, you can first try to find the eigenvectors of $\sigma_x$ in the basis of eigenvectors of $\sigma_z$.

7. Aug 22, 2016

### gasar8

OK.
$$\sigma_{x} = \left( \begin{array}{cc} 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 \end{array} \right)\\ \sigma_{3} = \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0\\ 0 & -1 \end{array} \right)$$
So, the eigenvectors of $\sigma_x$ are $x_1= \left(\begin{array}{cc} 1\\ 1 \end{array} \right)$ and $x_2= \left(\begin{array}{cc} -1\\ 1 \end{array} \right)$. The eigenvectors of$\sigma_z$ are $x_3= \left(\begin{array}{cc} 1\\ 0 \end{array} \right)$ and $x_4= \left(\begin{array}{cc} 0\\ 1 \end{array} \right)$.
So if I write eigenvectors of $\sigma_x$ in the basis of eigenvectors of $\sigma_z$, I get:
$$x_1=x_3+x_4\\x_2=-x_3+x_4$$.
What does these eigenvectors tell me?

8. Aug 22, 2016

### blue_leaf77

Almost correct, you just forgot that a state vector must be normalized. After normalizing them, express $x_3$ (not $x_4$ because initially the state is known to be corresponding to the eigenvalue $\hbar/2$) in terms of $x_1$ and $x_2$. This will allow you to calculate the probability of obtaining the probabilities of the measurement as mentioned in your problem statement.

9. Aug 22, 2016

### gasar8

So
$x_1={1 \over \sqrt{2}} \left(\begin{array}{cc} 1\\ 1 \end{array} \right)$ and
$x_2={1 \over \sqrt{2}} \left(\begin{array}{cc} -1\\ 1 \end{array} \right)$. From this, I get:
$$x_3={1 \over 2} x_1 - {1 \over 2} x_2.$$

So, if I understand this correctly, possible results of a x-component measurement are again $\pm \frac{\hbar}{2}$ with the probabilities of square of the coefficients, so both with $\frac{1}{4}$ chance.
Aha, so I would use $x_4$ if the result of a measurement would be $-\hbar \over 2$ which is the other eigenvalue?
But why do I have to express $x_3$ with $x_1$ and $x_2$? -->
Do I just understand this wrong? Because I first expressed just the opposite. :)

10. Aug 22, 2016

### blue_leaf77

The coefficients are still off although their ratio is correct, remember any state vector must be normalized - the sum of the modulus square of each coefficient must add up to unity.
Yes.
Because you want to measure $S_x$ and the only possible outcomes are given by its eigenvalues. Therefore, you need to know how $x_3$ (the initial state) looks like when expressed in the basis of eigenvectors of $S_x$ (or $\sigma_x$).
No you didn't do something wrong. It's just because the most Pauli matrices are written in the basis of eigenvectors of $\sigma_z$. Therefore, when you calculated the eigenvectors of $\sigma_x$ in this form you will automatically get these eigenvectors in basis of eigenvectors of $\sigma_z$.