Quantum physics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles. Atomic physics, on the other hand, is a subfield of quantum physics that specifically focuses on the structure and behavior of atoms, including electron configurations, ionization, and atomic interactions.
Superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum physics that states that a quantum system can exist in multiple states at the same time until it is measured. For example, in the famous double-slit experiment, a particle like an electron can pass through both slits simultaneously, creating an interference pattern, which only collapses to a single state upon observation.
Entanglement is a quantum phenomenon where two or more particles become interconnected in such a way that the state of one particle instantaneously influences the state of another, regardless of the distance separating them. This phenomenon is crucial for quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and understanding the foundations of quantum mechanics, as it challenges classical intuitions about locality and separability.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously know both the exact position and exact momentum of a particle. The more accurately we know one of these properties, the less accurately we can know the other. This principle highlights the inherent limitations of measurement at the quantum level and is a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics.
Quantum tunneling is a phenomenon where a particle has a probability of passing through a potential energy barrier, even if it does not have enough energy to overcome that barrier classically. This occurs because, according to quantum mechanics, particles are described by wave functions that can extend into regions of classically forbidden energy, allowing for the possibility of tunneling. This principle is essential for many processes, including nuclear fusion and semiconductor technology.