Reason for NMR results not being proportional with C-13

[paranoid times]

I am trying to figure out why unlike H-1, NMR output on C-13 is not proportional to types of carbons. Which is to say in a molecule with two CH₃ and two CH₂ The peaks for the related hydrogens would be one unit tall and 2/3 unit tall. Meanwhile the mentioned carbons would not by nessity have the same peaks at all (even though they are even in number).

Some poking around yielded this:

In further contrast to ¹H NMR, the intensities of the signals are not normally proportional to the number of equivalent 13C atoms and are instead strongly dependent on the number of surrounding spins (typically ¹H). Spectra can be made more quantitative if necessary by allowing sufficient time for the nuclei to relax between repeat scans.

From wikipedia. I think that is referring to the Nuclear Overhauser effect. Is that correct, if so does anyone have any articles explaining what that is, and why it has this effect on NMR output?

Thanks,
Michael

 

[sjb-2812]

I think it's more to do with nuclear relaxation times (see, for instance http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/nmr/techniques/other/t1t2/t1t2.html#t1 )

 

[paranoid times]

Ok, so if I've got this right, "relaxation time" referrs to the time taken for an excited nuclear particle to return to it's normal spin. And charged nuclear (like hydrogen) can change the time for a spin to return to normal, generally speaking this change is an decrease of time taken to return to normal spin. And the longer the relaxation time, the more clear the data. As such if you have a methyl group data for the attached carbon will have a higher error (due to the protons attached to it, decreasing its relaxation time) than a second or third degree carbon (which has fewer protons near it to change its relaxation time). And it is just that increased degree of error that leaves the spikes in the data non-relational to the number of particular carbon configurations?

 

[chemisttree]

NOE is the transfer of spin energy through space from one spin system to another. In a C-13 experiment, the protons have a strong through bond coupling that complicates the analysis tremendously so the protons are generally irradiated continuously to mask that particular coupling. This puts some spin energy into the proton systems. It is the transfer of this spin energy into the C-13 manifold (through space) that affects the intensity of the signals. It also removes the through bond coupling information, simplifying the interpretation of the spectra. As you might imagine, since the effectiveness of the spin transfer is through space, things like tertiary structure (tightly coiled vs open structure, for example), concentration of nearby spin systems (methyl vs methinyl), concentration, aggregation and so forth can affect the spin transfer so it is not as simple as counting nearby protons and correlating intensity but it does follow those trends. Just not enough to be able to integrate peaks.

 

[LudusRex]

There are a few reasons why NMR results may not be proportional with C-13. One factor to consider is the chemical environment of the carbon atoms. Unlike hydrogen atoms, which have a relatively uniform chemical environment, carbon atoms can have different chemical environments depending on their neighboring atoms and functional groups. This can affect the energy levels of the carbon nuclei and lead to different NMR signals.

Additionally, the number of surrounding spins, particularly hydrogen atoms, can also affect the intensity of the NMR signals. This is known as the Nuclear Overhauser effect, where the magnetic fields of the surrounding spins can influence the energy levels of the carbon nuclei and result in varying signal intensities. This effect can be minimized by allowing sufficient time for the nuclei to relax between repeat scans.

If you are interested in learning more about the Nuclear Overhauser effect, there are many articles and resources available online that explain the phenomenon in detail. Additionally, consulting with a NMR expert or conducting further research on the topic may also provide a better understanding of why this effect occurs and how it impacts NMR results.