Solving Integral Confusion: Limits & Periods

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    Confusion Integral
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SUMMARY

The discussion focuses on the limit of the integral $$\lim_{n \to \infty }\int_{0}^{n}\frac{dx}{1+n^{2}\cos^{2}x }$$ and clarifies the periodicity of the integrand function, which has a period of $\pi$ due to the squaring of the cosine function. The user expresses confusion regarding the inequalities derived from the properties of the floor function and how they relate to the integral $I_n$. The key takeaway is that the periodicity simplifies the evaluation of the integral over larger intervals, allowing for the use of inequalities to bound the integral's value.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of limits in calculus
  • Familiarity with integral calculus and periodic functions
  • Knowledge of the properties of the cosine function
  • Basic understanding of the floor function and its properties
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  • Study the properties of periodic functions in calculus
  • Learn about the application of the floor function in inequalities
  • Explore advanced techniques in evaluating improper integrals
  • Investigate the implications of squaring trigonometric functions on their periodicity
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Students and professionals in mathematics, particularly those studying calculus, integral evaluation, and trigonometric functions. This discussion is beneficial for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of limits and integrals involving periodic functions.

Vali
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Hi!

$$\lim_{n \to \infty }\int_{0}^{n}\frac{dx}{1+n^{2}\cos^{2}x }$$

I found to solution on the internet but I didn't understood it 100%.
First, it says that the function under integral has period $pi$.Why pi ? I know that cos function has period $2kpi$
Consequence: $\int_{0}^{k\pi }f_n(x)dx=k\int_{0}^{\pi }f_n(x)dx$ ( I understood this consequence )
Secondly, to solve the limit I used $x-1<[x]\leq x<[x]+1\leq x+1$ so if $I_n=\int_{0}^{\frac{n}{\pi}\cdot \pi }f_n(x)dx$ I have the following inequalities which I didn't understand completely.
$(\frac{n}{\pi }-1)\int_{0}^{\pi }f_n<\left [ \frac{n}{\pi } \right ]\int_{0}^{\pi }f_n=\int_{0}^{\left [ \frac{n}{\pi } \right ]\pi }f_n\leq I_n<\int_{0}^{(\left [ \frac{n}{\pi } \right ]+1)\pi }f_n=(\left [ \frac{n}{\pi } \right ]+1)\int_{0}^{\pi }f_n<(\frac{n}{\pi }+1)\int_{0}^{\pi }f_n$
Here is my main confusion.These inequalities comes from $x-1<[x]\leq x<[x]+1\leq x+1$ so if $I_n=\int_{0}^{\frac{n}{\pi}\cdot \pi }f_n(x)dx$ but who is $x$ in my integral ?
For me x=In, right ? so it should be $I_{n}-1<[I_{n}]\leq I_{n}<[I_{n}]+1\leq I_{n}+1$
$I_{n}$ remain the same like in the first row of inequalities.It doesn't change.
But how $I_{n}-1$ changed to $(\frac{n}{\pi }-1)\int_{0}^{\pi }f_n$ ?
How $[I_{n}]$ changed to $\left [ \frac{n}{\pi } \right ]\int_{0}^{\pi }f_n$ ?
And so on..
I hope you understand what I don't understand.I mean from initial inqualities results that $I_{n}$ should is $x$.What properties have been used here?
Thanks!
 
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The given function has period \pi because the cosine is squared. For half its period, -\pi/2 to \pi/2, cosine is positive. For the other half, \pi/2 to 3\pi/2, cosine is negative. Squaring makes those the same.
 

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