String theory and the M theory?

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In string theory and M theory, there are two types of strings: open and closed. Fermions, such as electrons and quarks, are represented by open strings, while closed strings are associated with gravitons. According to Lee Smolin's "The Trouble with Physics," the ends of open strings can signify charged particles. This distinction is crucial for understanding the fundamental components of matter and gravity in theoretical physics. The discussion highlights the importance of string types in the framework of particle physics.
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In string theory/M theory, there are two types of strings, open and closed strings. What kind of strings are fermions(electrons, quarks) made out of? Closed or open strings?
 
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From the book The Trouble with Physics by Lee Smolin, the ends of open strings can represent charged particles and closed ones can represent the graviton. See page 106.
 

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