Wow, that was a pretty flippant answer by your professor. The definition of a Limit, which founds Calculus, wasn't even around until the mid-19th century. So Calculus has probably been firmly founded for a little over 100 years, but not at all 'hundreds of years'. Mathwonk would be able to set the record straight here.
Next time you see your prof you should tell her that, based on your studies of one of those good old books she OK'd you're not going to worry about limits anymore, infinitesimals get the job done well enough for you and the Bernoulli brothers. Sure, you won't be able to define a derivative. But what's a derivative anyway? You mean a 'fluxion'?