Two Degrees of Freedom for Photons - Energy & Momentum

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the concept of degrees of freedom for photons, specifically questioning why energy and momentum are not considered degrees of freedom, while helicity states are. Participants explore the implications of these definitions and relate them to mechanics and constraints on motion.

Discussion Character

  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions why energy and momentum are not considered degrees of freedom for photons, despite being Lorentz invariant.
  • Another participant states that for each value of the propagation vector, there are two degrees of freedom.
  • A participant reflects on their initial question, comparing it to mechanics where momentum is not a degree of freedom, but the directions of movement are.
  • A subsequent post suggests that constraints on movement directions could imply constraints on momentum, using the example of an ice skate to illustrate this point.
  • One participant expresses uncertainty about the distinction between phase space coordinates and degrees of freedom, inviting further discussion on the topic.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants do not reach a consensus on the definitions and implications of degrees of freedom for photons, with multiple competing views and uncertainties remaining in the discussion.

Contextual Notes

There is a lack of clarity regarding the definitions of degrees of freedom and phase space coordinates, as well as the implications of constraints on movement and momentum.

Lapidus
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They say that the two degrees of freedom of a photon are its two helicity states.

Why are the energy or the momentum of a photon not degrees of freedom of a photon? They can differ and they are Lorentz invariant.

thanks
 
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For each value of the propagation vector there are two degrees of freedom.
 
thanks, Bill

Now I see it is a silly question. In mechanics, like a ball moving around, momentum is not a df, either. But the directions it can move are.
 
Lapidus said:
thanks, Bill

Now I see it is a silly question. In mechanics, like a ball moving around, momentum is not a df, either. But the directions it can move are.

Wouldn't a constraint on the directions it can move be a constraint on its momentum? I think the usual example of this type of constraint is something like an ice skate -- where the velocity / momentum can only be in one direction (or perhaps within a small range).

Maybe I'm confusing phase space coordinates with degrees of freedom...anyone feel like discussing the differences between the two, or expanding on what exactly a degree of freedom is?
 

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