Understanding theorem in Fourier series

In summary: Therefore, the difference between them is equal to $(-1)^n - (-1)^n = 0$. In summary, If $f$ is a continuous and periodic function with period $2\pi$ on $(-\infty,\infty)$, and its derivative $f'$ is also continuous and periodic with period $2\pi$ and can be represented by a Fourier series, then the coefficients of the Fourier series of $f'$ have an upper bound and converge. Additionally, the piece of the integration by parts that involves $f(\pi)$ and $f(-\pi)$ is equal to zero because $e^{in\pi}$ and $e^{-in\pi}$ are both equal to $(-1)^
  • #1
Dustinsfl
2,281
5
Suppose $f$ is continuous and periodic with period $2\pi$ on $(-\infty,\infty)$, and $f'$ exist and is in $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{C}[-\pi,\pi]$.
Then $\sum\limits_{k = -\infty}^{\infty}\lvert A_k\rvert < \infty$.$f'$ has a Fourier series so let's call the coefficients $A_n'$. Then $f' = \sum\limits_{n = -\infty}^{\infty}A_n'e_n$ and $A_n' = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f'(\theta)e^{-in\theta}d\theta$. Let's integrate by parts letting $u = e^{-in\theta}$ and $dv = f'(\theta)$. Then $du = -ine^{-in\theta}d\theta$ and $v = f(\theta)$.
\begin{alignat*}{3}
A_n' & = & \frac{1}{2\pi}\left[\left. f(\theta)e^{-in\theta}\right|_{-\pi}^{\pi} + in\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(\theta)e^{-in\theta}d\theta\right]\\
& = & \frac{1}{2\pi}\left[\underbrace{f(\pi)e^{-in\theta} - f(-\pi)e^{in\theta}}_{\text{this part}} + in\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(\theta)e^{-in\theta}d\theta\right]
\end{alignat*}

I know that $f(\pi) = f(-\pi)$ but why is that piece zero? We have $e^{in\theta}$ and $e^{-in\theta}$.
 
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  • #2
dwsmith said:
Suppose $f$ is continuous and periodic with period $2\pi$ on $(-\infty,\infty)$, and $f'$ exist and is in $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{C}[-\pi,\pi]$.
Then $\sum\limits_{k = -\infty}^{\infty}\lvert A_k\rvert < \infty$.$f'$ has a Fourier series so let's call the coefficients $A_n'$. Then $f' = \sum\limits_{n = -\infty}^{\infty}A_n'e_n$ and $A_n' = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f'(\theta)e^{-in\theta}d\theta$. Let's integrate by parts letting $u = e^{-in\theta}$ and $dv = f'(\theta)$. Then $du = -ine^{-in\theta}d\theta$ and $v = f(\theta)$.
\begin{alignat*}{3}
A_n' & = & \frac{1}{2\pi}\left[\left. f(\theta)e^{-in\theta}\right|_{-\pi}^{\pi} + in\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(\theta)e^{-in\theta}d\theta\right]\\
& = & \frac{1}{2\pi}\left[\underbrace{f(\pi)e^{-in\theta} - f(-\pi)e^{in\theta}}_{\text{this part}} + in\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(\theta)e^{-in\theta}d\theta\right]
\end{alignat*}

I know that $f(\pi) = f(-\pi)$ but why is that piece zero? We have $e^{in\theta}$ and $e^{-in\theta}$.
You actually have $e^{in\pi}$ and $e^{-in\pi}$, and these are the same because they are both equal to $(-1)^n.$
 

1. What is a Fourier series?

A Fourier series is a mathematical representation of a periodic function as a sum of sine and cosine functions. It is used to analyze and approximate periodic functions in various fields of science and engineering.

2. How does a Fourier series work?

A Fourier series decomposes a periodic function into its constituent sine and cosine components by using a set of trigonometric functions called the Fourier basis functions. These basis functions have different frequencies and amplitudes, and when combined, they can accurately represent the original function.

3. What is the significance of Fourier series in science?

Fourier series are used extensively in fields such as physics, engineering, and signal processing to analyze and represent periodic phenomena. They play a crucial role in understanding and solving problems related to waves, vibrations, and oscillations.

4. Can Fourier series be used for non-periodic functions?

No, Fourier series can only be used for periodic functions. However, there are other techniques, such as the Fourier transform, that can be used to analyze non-periodic functions.

5. How do we determine the coefficients in a Fourier series?

The coefficients in a Fourier series can be determined using integrals or complex analysis techniques. These coefficients represent the amplitudes and phases of the sine and cosine functions that make up the Fourier series.

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