B What are the potential causes of the universe's eventual demise?

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The discussion explores potential scenarios for the universe's demise beyond the commonly known theories like heat death, big crunch, vacuum decay, and big rip. It emphasizes the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium, where the universe reaches a state with no available energy for work. Participants consider other theoretical outcomes and their implications for cosmic evolution. The conversation highlights the complexity of cosmic fate and the ongoing scientific inquiry into these phenomena. Ultimately, understanding these scenarios is crucial for grasping the long-term future of the universe.
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Are there any other ways for the entire universe to die other than freeze death, big crunch, vacuum decay and big rip?
 
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Thread 'Matter density right after the decoupling'

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology) Was a matter density right after the decoupling low enough to consider the vacuum as the actual vacuum, and not the medium through which the light propagates with the speed lower than ##({\epsilon_0\mu_0})^{-1/2}##? I'm asking this in context of the calculation of the observable universe radius, where the time integral of the inverse of the scale factor is multiplied by the constant speed of light ##c##.
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Thread 'Rutgers finds a transparent Einstein Cross - apparently a dark matter "halo".'

The formal paper is here. The Rutgers University news has published a story about an image being closely examined at their New Brunswick campus. Here is an excerpt: Computer modeling of the gravitational lens by Keeton and Eid showed that the four visible foreground galaxies causing the gravitational bending couldn’t explain the details of the five-image pattern. Only with the addition of a large, invisible mass, in this case, a dark matter halo, could the model match the observations...
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Thread 'Big Bang and Infinite Universe'

Hi, I’m pretty new to cosmology and I’m trying to get my head around the Big Bang and the potential infinite extent of the universe as a whole. There’s lots of misleading info out there but this forum and a few others have helped me and I just wanted to check I have the right idea. The Big Bang was the creation of space and time. At this instant t=0 space was infinite in size but the scale factor was zero. I’m picturing it (hopefully correctly) like an excel spreadsheet with infinite...
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