Diophantine equations are mathematical equations that seek integer solutions for variables, originating from the work of the ancient Greek mathematician Diophantus. They are closely linked to number theory, which explores the properties and relationships of numbers, as these equations often require integer solutions. Solving Diophantine equations involves advanced techniques from algebra, number theory, and geometry, including methods like factoring and modular arithmetic. Additionally, there are computer algorithms and software designed to assist in solving these equations. Overall, Diophantine equations play a significant role in number theory and have applications in fields such as cryptography and coding theory.