Sin(x) has period [itex]2\pi[/itex]. That means one period starts when x= 0 and ends when [itex]x= 2\pi[/itex]. For [itex]sin(5t+\pi)[/itex], then, one period starts when [itex]5t+ \pi= 0[/itex] and ends when [itex]5t+\pi= 2\pi[/itex]. From [itex]5t+\pi= 0[/itex], [itex]5t= -\pi[/itex] so [itex]t= -\pi/5[/itex] and from [itex]5t+\pi= 2\pi[/itex], [itex]5t= \pi[/itex] so [itex]t= \pi/5[/itex]. That means that one period of [itex]sin(5t+ \pi)[/itex] starts at [itex]-\pi/5[/itex] and ends at [itex]\pi/5[/itex], for a total length of [itex]\pi/5-(-\pi/5)= 2\pi/5[/itex]. Yes, the period is [itex]2\pi/5[/itex], just as you say.
Now, your main question appears to be showing that, in fact, [itex]f(t+ 2\pi/5)= f(t)[/itex]. Your error is that you just added [itex]2\pi/5[/itex] to the argument of sin rather than to x.
That is, you do NOT want "[itex]sin(5t+\pi+ 2\pi/5)[/itex]" .
You want, rather, [itex]sin(5(x+ 2\pi/5)+ \pi)[/itex][itex]= sin((5x+ 2\pi)+ \pi)[/itex][itex]= sin((5x+ \pi)+ 2\pi)[/itex]. Using the sum formulas as you do now gives [itex]sin(5(x+2\pi/5)+\pi)[/itex][itex]= sin((5x+\pi)cos(2\pi)+ cos(5x+\pi)sin(2\pi)[/itex]. And, because, of course, [itex]cos(2\pi)= 1[/itex] and [itex]sin(2\pi)= 0[/itex], that is just [itex]sin(5x+ \pi)[/itex] again.