What is the strongest endothermic reaction involving salt and liquid water?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion focuses on identifying the strongest endothermic reaction involving the dissolution of a salt in liquid water, specifically seeking a reaction that produces a significant temperature drop or absorbs a large amount of energy from its surroundings. The scope includes theoretical considerations, practical applications, and potential commercial products.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested
  • Experimental/applied

Main Points Raised

  • One participant, Alistair, seeks a dissolution reaction that absorbs over 1000 J/g for a refrigeration idea, noting difficulty in finding such information.
  • Another participant suggests consulting the CRC handbook for known reactions, implying that existing data may be limited.
  • Alistair mentions finding a reaction that absorbs 403 J/g but expresses a desire for a stronger reaction.
  • A participant notes that highly endothermic reactions require a significant entropic factor for spontaneity, suggesting that simple dissolution may not yield the desired results.
  • One participant points out that ammonium nitrate can be used in commercial cold packs, which absorb heat upon dissolution, but indicates that its enthalpy of solvation is less than its enthalpy of crystallization.
  • Another participant mentions that ammonium nitrate has an absorption of 325 J/g, which is still below Alistair's target.
  • There is a reference to a chemical demonstration involving ammonium nitrate and barium hydroxide that produces a significant cooling effect.
  • Additionally, evaporation is mentioned as another spontaneous endothermic process, though it does not directly relate to the dissolution of salts.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express varying levels of knowledge about endothermic reactions and their applications, with no consensus on a specific reaction that meets the criteria set by Alistair. Multiple competing views and suggestions are presented, indicating that the discussion remains unresolved.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights limitations in available data on highly endothermic dissolution reactions, the dependence on specific conditions for spontaneity, and the potential for commercial products that utilize known reactions.

Alistair1992
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Hi,

I'm looking for the reaction that produces the largest temperature drop/absorbs the most energy from its surroundings. It needs to be some kind of dissolution process of a salt being mixed with liquid water. I've looked around on the internet, and it seems tricky to search for, and I don't know much about chemistry (being an engineer), so am struggling to calculate it from theory.

Thanks,

Alistair
 
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I would start with CRC handbook or something similar - I doubt you will find much better choices than those already known and listed.
 
Thanks. I've looked, and the strongest one I can find absorbs 403J/g from its surroundings. Ideally, I was looking for something over 1000 for a refrigeration idea.
 
Hard to find highly endothermic reactions, as for spontaneity they need a huge entropic factor (ΔG=ΔH-TΔS > 0). Perhaps something with a gaseous product could work, but simple dissolution doesn't sound likely to me.
 
There are commercial products available that do this. Ammonium nitrate salt is encapsulated in an inner plastic bag inside a second bag with water. Breaking the inner bag mixes the salt and water, and cools off. This salt has an enthalpy of solvation that is smaller than the enthalpy of crystallization. Many salts (e.g. NaOH) are the opposite -- i.e. they release heat upon dissolution.

c.f. http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsweb/cutter/Chemistry/Portfolio_files/Hot&ColdPacks.pdf

There is a common chemical demonstration where you freeze a flask to a bit of wood, using a reaction between ammonium nitrate and barium hydroxide.



Other spontaneous endothermic processes (evaporation -- think sweat and evapotranspiration)
 
Last edited by a moderator:
Quantum Defect said:
Ammonium nitrate

325 J/g, three times less than OP asks for.
 

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