What is the velocity of an orbiting electron in an atom?

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The velocity of an orbiting electron in an atom cannot be defined as a single value due to the principles of quantum mechanics. Instead, the electron's state is described by a wave function, which indicates that both position and velocity are probabilistic rather than definite. Measurements of the electron's position yield varying results, and similarly, its velocity is represented by a wave function in velocity space. While certain special states, like plane waves, can yield specific velocity measurements, these do not apply to stationary states of the electron in an atom. Thus, the concept of a fixed velocity for an electron is not applicable in quantum mechanics.
Maalolan
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What is the velocity of an orbiting electron in an atom? it wuld be great if anyone can explain it. Shld we calculate from the centrepetal force equation. then it wuld be classical. Any quantum mechanical explanation??
 
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Maalolan said:
What is the velocity of an orbiting electron in an atom? it wuld be great if anyone can explain it. Shld we calculate from the centrepetal force equation. then it wuld be classical. Any quantum mechanical explanation??

You probably know that electron in atom does not have a definite position. Electron's state is described by a wave function in the position representation \psi(x,y,z). If you prepare many identical copies of the atom and measure electron's position in each copy, you'll not get the same result each time. Any value of position can be measured, and the probability of measuring position (x,y,z) will be proportional to |\psi(x,y,z)|^2.

The situation is exactly the same with velocities. The state of the electron in atom can be described also by a wavefunction in the velocity representation \psi(v_x,v_y,v_z). So, the probability of measuring velocity value (v_x,v_y,v_z) is proportional to |\psi(v_x,v_y,v_z)|^2. So, there is no definite value of velocity for the electron in atom.


There are special states (plane waves) in which measurements of velocity give certain results, but they are not among stationary states of the electron in atom.

Eugene.
 
Insights auto threads is broken atm, so I'm manually creating these for new Insight articles. Towards the end of the first lecture for the Qiskit Global Summer School 2025, Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Olivia Lanes (Global Lead, Content and Education IBM) stated... Source: https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/quantum-entanglement-is-a-kinematic-fact-not-a-dynamical-effect/ by @RUTA

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