Why Does the Constant Rank Theorem Hold True?

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SUMMARY

The constant rank theorem in multivariable calculus asserts that if a function \( f: U \subset \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^m \) maintains a constant rank \( k \) near a point \( p \in U \), then through appropriate coordinate transformations, the function can be expressed in a simplified form. Specifically, there exist diffeomorphisms \( G \) and \( F \) that transform the function into the form \( (x^1, \ldots, x^k, 0, \ldots, 0) \). This theorem is foundational for manifold theory and is supported by the fact that smooth maps can be locally approximated by linear maps, preserving the constant rank property across nearby points.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of multivariable calculus concepts
  • Familiarity with the inverse function theorem
  • Knowledge of diffeomorphisms in differential geometry
  • Basic grasp of linear algebra and linear maps
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the proof of the constant rank theorem in detail
  • Explore applications of the constant rank theorem in manifold theory
  • Learn about the inverse function theorem and its implications
  • Investigate the relationship between smooth maps and linear approximations
USEFUL FOR

Mathematicians, students of differential geometry, and anyone interested in the theoretical foundations of manifold theory will benefit from this discussion.

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There are two theorems from multivariable calculus that is very important for manifold theory.
The first is the inverse function theorem and the second is the "constant rank theorem". The latter states that

(Constant rank theorem). If ##f : U\subset \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^m## has constant rank ##k## in a neighborhood of a point ##p \in U## , then after a suitable change of coordinates near ##p## in ##U## and ##f(p)## in ##\mathbb{R}^m##, the map ##f## assumes the form ##(x^1,...,x^n)\mapsto (x^1,...,x^k,0,...,0)##.
More precisely, there are a diffeomorphism ##G## of a neighborhood of ##p## in ##U## sending ##p## to the origin in ##\mathbb{R}^n## and a diffeomorphism ##F## of a neighborhood of ##f(p)## in ##\mathbb{R}^m## sending ##f(p)## to the origin in ##\mathbb{R}^m## such that ##(F ◦ f ◦ G)^{−1}(x^1,...,x^n) = (x^1,...,x^k,0,...,0).##

I've gone through the proof of the theorem, but I'm left with little intuition on why it has to be true. Therefore I wonder, do you have any intuitive explanation of why the theorem has to be true?
 
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Very informally: it is true for linear maps for sure, this is easy to check. Smooth maps can then be locally approximated by linear maps. Since the smooth map has constant rank, the linear approximation doesn't change when going over to close-lying points.
 

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