Why is C-Cl bond in acyl chloride more reactive despite being highly polarized?

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SUMMARY

The reactivity of acyl chlorides is primarily due to the polarization of the C-Cl bond, which is significantly influenced by the electronegative oxygen atom in the carbonyl group (C=O). This polarization creates a partial positive charge on the carbon atom, making it susceptible to nucleophilic attack, despite the bond being highly polarized. In contrast to fluoroalkanes, which have stronger C-F bonds and are less reactive, acyl chlorides exhibit greater reactivity due to the combined effects of polarization and the presence of the carbonyl group. Additionally, in chlorobenzene, the delocalization of electrons into the benzene ring strengthens the C-Cl bond, yet it remains less reactive than acyl chlorides.

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  • Understanding of acyl chlorides and their structure
  • Knowledge of electronegativity and its effects on bond polarization
  • Familiarity with nucleophilic substitution reactions
  • Basic concepts of resonance and electron delocalization in aromatic compounds
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AryaUnderfoot
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For acyl chloride the very electronegative oxygen atom attracts electrons of the carbon atom, thus greatly polarised the C-Cl bond. But won't it attract electrons of the Cl atom too? Then with the electrons drifting towards the C atom, it's partial positive charge should be reduced, but why is that wrong?
Also, since the C-Cl bond is greatly polarised, the bonding should be stronger, isn't it? Like C-F bond is more polar than C-Cl bond, so the fluoroalkane is less reactive than chloroalkane, but why is that acyl chloride, with its very polarised C-Cl bond, so reactive?
And for chlorobenzene, the electrons on halogen atom are delocalised into the benzene ring, causing the polarity of C-X bond to decrease, but why is it that the bond is stronger than haloalkane?
I realize that this is a very long question, thank you for your patience
 
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Chlorine electronegativity is not much lower than that of oxygen.
 
Borek said:
Chlorine electronegativity is not much lower than that of oxygen.
I don't understand
 
You can't assume oxygen draws the electrons from the carbon, and chlorine doesn't.
 
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Borek said:
You can't assume oxygen draws the electrons from the carbon, and chlorine doesn't.
Ohhh, I got it
But what about the next question? I thought the more polarised a bond is, the stronger it is, so it's less reactive?
 
AryaUnderfoot said:
For acyl chloride the very electronegative oxygen atom attracts electrons of the carbon atom, thus greatly polarised the C-Cl bond. But won't it attract electrons of the Cl atom too? Then with the electrons drifting towards the C atom, it's partial positive charge should be reduced, but why is that wrong?
Also, since the C-Cl bond is greatly polarised, the bonding should be stronger, isn't it? Like C-F bond is more polar than C-Cl bond, so the fluoroalkane is less reactive than chloroalkane, but why is that acyl chloride, with its very polarised C-Cl bond, so reactive?
And for chlorobenzene, the electrons on halogen atom are delocalised into the benzene ring, causing the polarity of C-X bond to decrease, but why is it that the bond is stronger than haloalkane?
I realize that this is a very long question, thank you for your patience
Both C=O or C-O and C-Cl are polarized, Oxygen does attract e from Carbon towards itself, and so does Chloride, which leaves the positively charged carbon atom to be easily attacked by nucleophiles (e.g water).
 
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