Why is C-Cl bond in acyl chloride more reactive despite being highly polarized?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the reactivity of the C-Cl bond in acyl chlorides, particularly in relation to its polarization and comparison with other bonds such as C-F and C-Cl in haloalkanes and chlorobenzene. Participants explore the implications of electronegativity and bond strength in the context of nucleophilic attack.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants propose that the electronegative oxygen in acyl chlorides polarizes the C-Cl bond, but question whether this polarization affects the bond strength and reactivity as expected.
  • There is a suggestion that the polarization of the C-Cl bond should make it stronger, similar to the C-F bond, which is more polar yet less reactive in fluoroalkanes.
  • Some participants note that chlorine's electronegativity is not significantly lower than that of oxygen, raising questions about the assumptions made regarding electron attraction.
  • One participant challenges the assumption that oxygen draws electrons from carbon while chlorine does not, indicating a need for clarity on how both atoms influence electron distribution.
  • Another participant mentions that both C=O and C-Cl bonds are polarized, suggesting that the positive charge on carbon makes it susceptible to nucleophilic attack.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the relationship between bond polarization, strength, and reactivity. There is no consensus on whether the polarization of the C-Cl bond in acyl chlorides leads to increased reactivity or if it should imply stronger bonding.

Contextual Notes

Participants highlight the complexity of electronegativity effects and bond polarization, suggesting that assumptions about electron attraction and bond strength may not hold uniformly across different compounds.

AryaUnderfoot
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For acyl chloride the very electronegative oxygen atom attracts electrons of the carbon atom, thus greatly polarised the C-Cl bond. But won't it attract electrons of the Cl atom too? Then with the electrons drifting towards the C atom, it's partial positive charge should be reduced, but why is that wrong?
Also, since the C-Cl bond is greatly polarised, the bonding should be stronger, isn't it? Like C-F bond is more polar than C-Cl bond, so the fluoroalkane is less reactive than chloroalkane, but why is that acyl chloride, with its very polarised C-Cl bond, so reactive?
And for chlorobenzene, the electrons on halogen atom are delocalised into the benzene ring, causing the polarity of C-X bond to decrease, but why is it that the bond is stronger than haloalkane?
I realize that this is a very long question, thank you for your patience
 
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Chlorine electronegativity is not much lower than that of oxygen.
 
Borek said:
Chlorine electronegativity is not much lower than that of oxygen.
I don't understand
 
You can't assume oxygen draws the electrons from the carbon, and chlorine doesn't.
 
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Borek said:
You can't assume oxygen draws the electrons from the carbon, and chlorine doesn't.
Ohhh, I got it
But what about the next question? I thought the more polarised a bond is, the stronger it is, so it's less reactive?
 
AryaUnderfoot said:
For acyl chloride the very electronegative oxygen atom attracts electrons of the carbon atom, thus greatly polarised the C-Cl bond. But won't it attract electrons of the Cl atom too? Then with the electrons drifting towards the C atom, it's partial positive charge should be reduced, but why is that wrong?
Also, since the C-Cl bond is greatly polarised, the bonding should be stronger, isn't it? Like C-F bond is more polar than C-Cl bond, so the fluoroalkane is less reactive than chloroalkane, but why is that acyl chloride, with its very polarised C-Cl bond, so reactive?
And for chlorobenzene, the electrons on halogen atom are delocalised into the benzene ring, causing the polarity of C-X bond to decrease, but why is it that the bond is stronger than haloalkane?
I realize that this is a very long question, thank you for your patience
Both C=O or C-O and C-Cl are polarized, Oxygen does attract e from Carbon towards itself, and so does Chloride, which leaves the positively charged carbon atom to be easily attacked by nucleophiles (e.g water).
 
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