Zero-energy_universe doesnt add up

[granpa]

[According to Hawking] our universe can appear out of nothing because the positive energy (mass and motion) and negative energy (gravitational potential energy) cancel each other out on a large enough scale

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_universe

Hawking is probably right, however

the energy in the gravitation field of an elliptical galaxy is approximately:
E = Gm²/r

where G = 6.67×10^-11 N m²/kg²

and of course E = mc²

so using r = 10²¹ m (100,000 Light years) we get

Gm²/r = mc²

m = r * c² / G

m = 1.347×10⁴⁸ kg = 6.774×10¹⁷ solar masses

thats 6 * 10⁴ times larger than the largest elliptical galaxies

Elliptical galaxies vary greatly in both size and mass, from as little as a tenth of a kiloparsec to over 100 kiloparsecs (300,000 Ly), and from 10⁷ to nearly 10¹³ solar masses

So in order to break even you need 60,000 galaxies worth of mass in a region of space only 100,000 Ly across.

 

[Chronos]

Read the intro to the wiki article again. The zero energy hypothesis is derived using pseudo tensors.

 

[yogi]

Feynman and others have long puzzled over the zero energy universe - in his "Lectures On Gravity" he comes back to it serval times in different chapters. At one point he comments that it is an exciting prospect that it costs nothing to create a mass at the center of the universe (which is everywhere) because the mc^2 energy is always balanced by the negative gravitational energy.

So perhaps the thing we call the big bang didn't create anything - it just rearranged things