Complex wavefunctions and electromagnetic waves

[tim1608]

Hi Everyone

I am wondering about something. As everyone here knows, electromagnetic waves obviously possesses an electrical component and a magnetic component. Firstly, can electromagnetic waves be considered to be a sort of complex wavefunction? If yes then do the two components of electromagnetic waves correspond with the "real" and "imaginary" components of the complex wavefunction? If yes then which does the electrical component correspond with and which does the magnetic component correspond with?

Thank you very much.

Kind regards

Tim

 

[hiddenvariable]

I think both would have to be real, since the particle has some probability, though low, of both being at X location, and from the wave frequency there is some rather high certainty as to its momentum. But I should try to reframe from answering questions, being a real beginner in QM, so my response is more to test my understanding. The real answer will follow, I'm sure :).

 

[bhobba]

The situation is actually quite interesting, subtle, and complex (pun intended).

Maxwell's equations can be written in complex form and low and behold that is the quantum equation of a photon.

Check out:
http://oco.uoregon.edu/sites/oco.uoregon.edu/files/TTRL5_V1.pdf

There are other papers on it that Google will bring up if it interests you.

Thanks
Bill

 

[PhilDSP]

Remember also that Maxwell often wrote those and related equations in both pre-vector form and in quaternion form. Quaternions are essentially 3 or 4 dimensional complex numbers embedded into a consistent structure with very specific rules in how each dimension relates to the others. It's a 3 dimensional expansion of a single dimension complex number.

From quaternions you directly get Pauli's matrices for quantifying the "spin" of elementary particles. Pauli's sigma basis matrices give us the mapping from vector space to quaternion space and vice versa. They are also the essential structure behind the Dirac equation.

Further still, the non-commutativity of rotations in physical space becomes plainly evident on a initial study of the application of quaternions to rotation.

 

[kith]

Maxwell's equations can be written in complex form and low and behold that is the quantum equation of a photon.

There is, however, an important caveat: a single photon cannot be localized in a sharply defined region, so its position is not an observable. Although the "wavefunction" ψ(x) = E(x) + iB(x) may be used to predict outcomes for valid observables, the standard interpretation of |ψ(x)|² as the probability density for the location of the particle is not possible.

 

[WannabeNewton]

Firstly, can electromagnetic waves be considered to be a sort of complex wavefunction?

Presumably you are talking about classical electrodynamics. If so then no. We often use complex amplitudes, particularly when expressing the amplitudes in terms of a circular polarization basis, along with Fourier modes to express the electric and magnetic fields in a Fourier decomposition but in the end we always take the real part of the expressions because the electric and magnetic fields are, in classical electrodynamics, real fields that must be in and of themselves measurable or observable. The same goes for quantities computed from the electric and magnetic fields such as the time-averaged Poynting vector.

This is to be contrasted with the wave-function of QM which is not an observable in and of itself and in that light is in general a complex object once and for all. However measurable quantities computed from the wave-function, such as expectation values or fluctuations of operators on a given state, are by construction real.

 

[rigetFrog]

I remember my professor solving gravitational ellipsoidal motion using complex notation. The real was the x and the imaginary was the y, and the transform was x+i*y = rho*exp(i*theta).

We solved both using real Cartesian and complex mapping. Standard cartesian was very tedious. The mathematics was majorly simplified by using the complex transform.

My point is, complex numbers don't necessarily mean anything weird. It's just a super nifty mathematical trick that can simplify problems.

 

[maline]

Great question, Tim! I used to wonder about that myself.
If I understand you correctly, you're saying that because the electric & magnetic fields are perpendicular, it seems like they could correspond to the two dimensions in the wavefunction values.

First off, sorry but they don't. For example, in an ideal plane-polarized EM wave, the electric & magnetic fields have their zeros at the same set of points. The quantum wf, on the other hand, cycles about the origin in the complex plane - the modulus (distance from the origin in the complex plane) is the square root of the probability of detecting the photon there, so it doesn't depend on the phase of (either) wave. (Somebody correct me if I'm wrong on that point)

More fundamentally, the two "right angles" don't really have much in common. The directions of the field lines are actual spatial directions- the ways that a (test) positive charge or north pole would be pushed. The right angle between them is an angle in space. The complex plane, meanwhile, is purely a conceptual construct. (Don't ask me what the difference is between reality and a conceptual construct, but there is a difference!) Its directions aren't towards anywhere- they're just a way of expressing a pure quantity that is two-dimensional. The right angle expresses the fact that the dimensions are orthogonal,or independent- a real number has no imaginary component & vice-versa.

Also, in the case of quantum waves, you can't really speak about the "real and imaginary components" at all. You see, the only actual effect of wf values is to set probabilities for experimental results. These depend not on the value itself but on its modulus squared. So any two values with the same modulus, -√2 and 1+i for instance, are completely interchangeable as long as you're only dealing with one wave. When different wave elements interfere, that's when the actual complex values come in- you add them up, and they can cancel out, and then the modulus is zero, and you can't detect the photon there, and you get a black stripe on your screen. But even so, you can multiply all the wf values is your problem by anyone complex number, and you haven't changed anything at all. If before two waves canceled as 1 & -1, now they'll cancel as -3+2i & 3-2i. So if we say that "ψ(x) is purely real", it's an arbitrary description, similar to choosing an "origin" for spatial coordinates.

So what's the relationship between the quantum wave of the photon and the EM wave? Well, they have the same frequency & wavelength. The direction of the fields is related to the photon's "spin", which changes only when you measure it. Beyond that I really don't know much- I haven't yet taken any actual QM courses. (maybe that's why I can still express what I do know in understandable English)

EDIT: I just read Keth's post, and it sounds like I screwed up. Keth, think you can read this post & explain my mistakes?

ψ(x)=E+iB ? Wow, really? That sounds like exactly what Tim wanted! But that must mean the value sometimes goes to zero, even within one simple wave. What causes that? Can it be observed (maybe with very-low-frequency radio waves and highly time-sensitive detectors)?

A photon can't be localized? Don't they dislodge electrons from individual atoms? And what happens if you try to trap one between mirrors and detect it later on?

Am I at least right on these two points? A: ψ(x)=E+iB must be, on one level, a convention: it could have been B-iE. B: This formula does not depend on E and B being perpendicular.

Maybe I should shut my big mouth sometimes, but posting is fun! Someone will hope fully gain from the discussion.

 

[bhobba]

A photon can't be localized?

Of course it can be localised - its position is an observable.

Thanks
Bill

 

[maline]

Of course it can be localised - its position is an observable.

Thanks
Bill

I thought so too, but what is Kith saying in his post?

 

[vanhees71]

A photon cannot be "localized" in a strict sense. One cannot even define a position operator in the strict sense for massless particles with spin \geq 1. See, Arnold Neumaier's FAQ entry on that topic:

http://arnold-neumaier.at/physfaq/topics/position.html

Then, the question whether you represent Schrödinger wave functions (describing one or more nonrelativistic particles with spin 0) as complex valued or as two real numbers is a question of convenience. Of course, it's way more convenient to use one complex field than two real fields, because the Schrödinger equation becomes simple in terms of the complex representation, and that's why everybody uses it. In fact, I've never seen any textbook, presenting a real formulation nor have I ever seen any necessity to do so.

It's a bit different with the electromagnetic field. The standard representation of the classical field theory (classical electrodynamics) is to use a real four-vector field of mass 0, which is necessarily a gauge field from the point of view of the representations of the Poincare group. Alternatively you can deal with it also in terms of the antisymmetric real-valued tensor field, built by the electric and magnetic field components, the Faraday tensor. Then you have a gauge-invariant formulation, but it's hard to quantize the theory in this form.

A third alternative, seen however rarely in the literature, is to use a complex-valued three-dimensional vector \vec{F}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} (\vec{E}+\mathrm{i} \vec{B}). This representation makes sense, because the tensor-transformation properties of the Faraday tensor translate into complex rotations in the space of the complex vectors \vec{F}, leading to the conclusion that the proper orthochronous Lorentz group \mathrm{SO}(1,3)^{\uparrow} is isomorphic to \mathrm{SO}(3,\mathbb{C}). For details, have a look here:

http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.1218

 

[bhobba]

I thought so too, but what is Kith saying in his post?

Beats me.

There may be some subtle aspects I am not aware of.

But, for example, take the double slit experiment with photons and for definiteness a photographic plate. If there is one photon at a time each photon will register a position on the plate. That seems to settle that position is an observable.

Will have a look at the links provided and see if I can nut out what they are getting at.

Thanks
Bill

 

[bhobba]

Ahhh.

Got it now.

Check out:
https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=418100
'No, but you can detect the position of its interaction with another particle, the interaction destroys the photon. A photon has no rest frame wrt which you could specify its position. Theoretically it is not proven that photons move at exactly "the speed of light", so the possibility remains that a very small mass photon exists which does have a rest frame. Then we'd just need to rename the term "speed of light" to be the the speed invariant under a lorentz transformation. But in current models we talk about photon number and energy density of the em field rather than photon position.'

Yep - and it is indeed true since there is no frame where it is at rest it can't have a position.

Thanks
Bill

 

[tim1608]

Hi Everyone

Thank you very much for all your replies. I would like to make some comments and attempt to clarify a few things.

a single photon cannot be localized in a sharply defined region, so its position is not an observable.

I am not sure I entirely agree with this. As I understand it, you cannot know exactly where any particle is before the wavefunction describing its position collapses but after the wavefunction collapses upon having been "observed" (whatever that exactly means in the contexts of QM), you do know where the particle is (or was), even if it is a photon. Am I correct?

ψ(x) = E(x) + iB(x)

From this it looks to me as if the electrical component of electromagnetic waves is the coefficient of the "real" component of the wavefunction and the magnetic component of electromagnetic waves is the coefficient of the "imaginary" component of the wavefunction. Am I correct?
Kith, can you quote a source for this particular equation?

Presumably you are talking about classical electrodynamics. If so then no. We often use complex amplitudes, particularly when expressing the amplitudes in terms of a circular polarization basis, along with Fourier modes to express the electric and magnetic fields in a Fourier decomposition but in the end we always take the real part of the expressions because the electric and magnetic fields are, in classical electrodynamics, real fields that must be in and of themselves measurable or observable.

My point is, complex numbers don't necessarily mean anything weird. It's just a super nifty mathematical trick that can simplify problems.

It looks to me as if rigetFrog has a good reply to WannabeNewton. The way I see it is that the coefficient of something imaginary does not itself have to be imaginary. The complex mathematics is just simply a sort of "skeleton" upon which completely "real-world" physics can be built. Am I correct?

I haven't yet taken any actual QM courses. (maybe that's why I can still express what I do know in understandable English)

Maline, you have stuck a chord with me here. I think that keeping things understandable is very important. I like your post even though I am not sure I agree with everything you said in it. I like the way you think and the way you try to find the truth.

 

[WannabeNewton]

Am I correct?

No. Read vanhees' post above.

It looks to me as if rigetFrog has a good reply to WannabeNewton. The way I see it is that the coefficient of something imaginary does not itself have to be imaginary. The complex mathematics is just simply a sort of "skeleton" upon which completely "real-world" physics can be built. Am I correct?

rigetFrog's reply only compliments mine. First of all you have to specify if you are talking about classical EM or QED. There is a huge difference between the two in terms of fundamentals. As I noted above, in classical EM we use complex numbers for convenience when manipulating electric and magnetic fields but we always take the real part in the end because these are measurable quantities. The wave-function of QM is on a very different footing as I already explained.

 

[tim1608]

No. Read vanhees' post above.

I take it you were answering my question about whether or not single photons are locatable.

If a photon emitter is firing photons at a screen at a low enough regularity that you can see individual dots lighting up all over the screen then what is happening at each of those dots if it is not the arrival of an individual photon located at the dot?

 

[rigetFrog]

Theoretically, I think one could write Schrodinger's equation without using complex notation. I.e. converting all complex numbers,x +i*y , into two element vectors, [x,y], and expressing various operators (momentum, position, energy, etc...) as matrices.

E.g. the momentum operator, i hbar d/dx, would then become a real valued skew symmetric matrix.

Perhaps this approach would shed light on the physical meaning of "imaginary numbers" in quantum mechanics.

 

[WannabeNewton]

I take it you were answering my question about whether or not single photons are locatable.

The statement made by Kith was not one of whether a photon is detectable. It was one of whether it makes sense to define a position operator for photons so as to ascribe to them position eigenstates of definite position eigenvalue.

If a photon emitter is firing photons at a screen at a low enough regularity that you can see individual dots lighting up all over the screen then what is happening at each of those dots if it is not the arrival of an individual photon located at the dot?

The detection of the photon here is due to an interaction with particles in the screen and the photon is immediately destroyed afterwards. It is definitely not the same thing as measuring the position of the photon through localization effected by a position operator acting on the photon state.

 

[rigetFrog]

If a photon emitter is firing photons at a screen at a low enough regularity that you can see individual dots lighting up all over the screen then what is happening at each of those dots if it is not the arrival of an individual photon located at the dot?

The detection of the photon here is due to an interaction with particles in the screen and the photon is immediately destroyed afterwards. It is definitely not the same thing as measuring the position of the photon through localization effected by a position operator acting on the photon state.

Mathematically: the screen is a narrowly distributed potential energy in real space corresponding to a broad distribution in reciprocal space. When the photon interacts with the screen, the screen imparts a superposition of all the screens momentum (mathematically similar to the crystal momentum) to the photon. This broadens the photons wave function in reciprocal space, which corresponds to a narrowing of the wave function in real space.

 

[tim1608]

The statement made by Kith was not one of whether a photon is detectable. It was one of whether it makes sense to define a position operator for photons so as to ascribe to them position eigenstates of definite position eigenvalue.

The detection of the photon here is due to an interaction with particles in the screen and the photon is immediately destroyed afterwards. It is definitely not the same thing as measuring the position of the photon through localization effected by a position operator acting on the photon state.

Hi WannabeNewton

I would be very grateful if you could explain to me, in simple terms exactly what you mean by the following terms:

"position eigenstates"

"position eigenvalue"

"localization"

"position operator"

"localization effected by a position operator"

How are these things different to the normal concepts of position and location that most people understand?

Thank you very much.

 

[bhobba]

"position eigenstates"

In a filtering type observation the state after observing position. Most of the time though the object is destroyed by the observation, which is what happens when you detect a photon in say an double slit type experiment.

"position eigenvalue"

The possible result of observing position. An observable in QM is of the form ∑yi |bi><bi| where yi are the possible outcomes.

"localization"

A state with a definite position. Because a photon moves at the speed of light in all frames it can't be localised.

"position operator"

An observable O = ∑ yi |bi><bi| where the yi, ie the eigenvalues of O, are the possible positions of a position observation. Since position doesn't exist for a photon you can't have a position operator.

"localization effected by a position operator"

The state after observing position

How are these things different to the normal concepts of position and location that most people understand?

Its QM mate. The two axioms its based on are:

1. A Hermtian operator, O, called an observable, exists such that its eigenvalues are the possible outcomes of an observation.

2. A positive operator of unit trace P exists such that given an observable O the expected outcome of the observation E(O) = Trace (PO). By definition P is called the state of the system.

Unless you are already reasonably familiar with the technicalities of QM it probably won't make much sense. However its hard to explain highly technical concepts in lay terms.

Thanks
Bill

 

[rigetFrog]

eigen stuff can be found in linear algebra textbooks. David Poole wrote a really great linear algebra book. Lot's of simple examples. They deal with eigen values and eigen vectors. Generalization to eigen functions of operators... More advanced linear algebra and differential equations textbooks.

 

[tim1608]

Hi everyone.

It seems that the more complicated and obscure the mathematics gets, the harder it is for me to visualize or conceptualize in any other manner what is going on. It is at this point that I come to a juddering halt.

I get the impression that even though I think I have much better visuospatial cognitive abilities than most people I know (almost all of whom are not scientifically oriented), it seems that you all have much better visuospatial cognitive abilities than me. It seems that you all must have the ability to consciously hold probably more than five layers of ideas in your minds simultaneously, knowing exactly how they all relate to each other and how they effect each other without losing track of anything or making any mistakes. Otherwise, how else can you understand this stuff? What is your secret?

I am actually quite determined to understand QM so, apart from the book by David Pool which rigetFrog has mentioned and which I will look at, do any of you know of any other good QM textbooks which have been specifically written for people like me?

Thank you very much.

 

[f95toli]

Otherwise, how else can you understand this stuff? What is your secret?

No one understands QM at a "intuitive" level. There are lots of people who understand the maths but understanding equations does not equate to the kind of understanding you can have of classical physics (e.g. classical mechanics); QM is simply too different to our everyday world for our brains to comprehend it at a "basic" level.
There are a number of visual aids you can use to understand the physics (e.g. the Bloch sphere) and this is how I tend to think about QM. However, these models do not in any way represent what is "really" going on.

 

[bhobba]

Otherwise, how else can you understand this stuff? What is your secret?

Its the math mate - it is very elegant in expressing ideas.

Nature is written in the language of mathematics and its what you need to learn.

Here is my suggested reading list:
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471827223/?tag=pfamazon01-20
https://www.amazon.com/dp/046502811X/?tag=pfamazon01-20
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0465036678/?tag=pfamazon01-20

There is also videos associated with Susskinds books:
http://theoreticalminimum.com/

Take your time - its not a race.

When you are finished with the above post back and some further recommendations can be made. Of course you can post here with any queries from the lectures or books.

Thanks
Bill

 

[bhobba]

No one understands QM at a "intuitive" level.

Indeed.

You simply get used to it.

Thanks
Bill

 

[tim1608]

No one understands QM at a "intuitive" level.

How then do you know you are getting the maths right if you can't see what it represents?

All of my thought processes depend on some sort of visual feedback to let me know that I am going in the right direction. Without it I get lost.

 

[rigetFrog]

Personally, I'm happy with a a "shut up and calculate approach". This means just going along with the wave interpretation, and assuming the wave function evolves deterministically.

Like what happens to still liquid in a cup when the cup is jostled by a very little bit. The waves "localize" near the center. Same for QM. The wave does it's thing in response to its environment, and any attempts to measure cause it to ripple. In fact, we can estimate how our instrumentation modifies the wave function.

of course quantization and interacting particles make things more complicated.

 

[bhobba]

How then do you know you are getting the maths right if you can't see what it represents? All of my thought processes depend on some sort of visual feedback to let me know that I am going in the right direction. Without it I get lost.

Like I say you get used to it.

Thanks
Bill

 

[kith]

A photon cannot be "localized" in a strict sense. One cannot even define a position operator in the strict sense for massless particles with spin \geq 1.

What do you think about Hawton's position operator? (see e.g. http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0101011) At the end of his FAQ entry, Neumeier criticizes that this operator isn't compatible with Lorentz invariance although Hawton has published a paper claiming the contrary in Phys. Rev. A (http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.3773).

 

[kith]

Kith, can you quote a source for this particular equation?

The quantity E+iB is called the Riemann-Silberstein vector. For a short overview of its use in both QM as well as classical physics, see http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.2655. You also find a couple of articles mentioning it if you search the arxiv for "photon wave function".

 

[kith]

No one understands QM at a "intuitive" level.

You simply get used to it.

Even though this is certainly correct in some sense, my impression is that such statements are often used to dismiss questions about the basics of QM which could improve one's understanding greatly. One example is the question about the complex nature of the wavefunction. The links to continuous transformations and generalized probability theories which allow for entanglement, for example, are quite recent achievements. Although the complex nature of the wavefunction can be traced back to these plausible fundamental principles, I often hear answers like "that's just how QM works", "no one really understands QM", "you just have to get used to QM's rules", etc. to this question. If people like Lucien Hardy hadn't followed their dissatisfaction with such answers, we would know a lot less about the foundations of QM.

So my advice is to try as much as possible to talk about things which don't "feel right" to you and to revisit your open questions from time to time. This is an ongoing process and every time I can relate something I have simply gotten used to to something fundamental, my understanding of QM enhances significantly.

That said, I think understanding QM above all means understanding its mathematics. Pondering too long on popularizations is counterproductive.

What is your secret?

Many people only care about the rules. In order to solve a physical problem you always have to find an appropriate model. Although physics strifes for unification, you don't use the most fundamental model but the most simple one. Physicists are used to using different models for different situations without a practical need to relate these models.

The problem of the localization of the photon is a difficult problem which isn't relevant to many applications. Most people who know a good deal about QM (including me) simply haven't understood the details of it. For some people (again including me), understanding this problem better is still on the agenda while others don't consider it important for their understanding of QM and still others aren't even aware of it.

 

[bhobba]

If people like Lucien Hardy hadn't followed their dissatisfaction with such answers, we would know a lot less about the foundations of QM.

That's true.

In fact my personal opinion on the foundations of QM is Lucien Hardy's.

That said, having discussed such things, that approach leaves many cold. It's mathematically abstract being based on things like reversible continuous transformations that, for those into math, look pretty obvious, but if you aren't into that sort of thing can sort of leave you saying - so.

As I said I know this from discussing it with others and its exactly what they say.

Thanks
Bill

 

[jtbell]

How then do you know you are getting the maths right if you can't see what it represents?

By working out solutions for situations that people have studied before, and comparing them to experimental results, or to already generally-accepted solutions. Gradually you develop a feel for it, and you gain confidence in applying it to new situations. As Bill said, "you get used to it."

 

[PhilDSP]

Otherwise, how else can you understand this stuff? What is your secret?

To compliment f95toli's reply, there is a pair of books which make an attempt, and a pretty decent one, to make the mathematics of QM more plain and concrete. They also give a relatively accessible approach to understanding the derivation and application of QM math:

Visual Quantum Mechanics by Bernd Thaller
Advanced Visual Quantum Mechanics by Bernd Thaller