MHB A very strange statement from Wolfram Alpha....

AI Thread Summary
The discussion revolves around the properties and convergence of the Möbius function, defined as a discrete function based on the number of distinct prime factors of an integer. Participants express concerns about the convergence of the series involving the Möbius function, particularly when using Wolfram Alpha, which seems unable to determine convergence accurately. An explicit expression for the series is provided, highlighting the complexity of calculations involved. The user shares an experiment using an old Pentium PC to compute values of the function, noting good convergence within a specific range but questioning behavior outside that range. The exploration of the Möbius function's oscillatory nature and its implications for convergence continues to be a focal point of interest.
chisigma
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The so called 'Moebious Function' is a discrete function defined as...

$$\mu(n)= \begin{cases} - 1 &\text{if n has an odd number of prime distinct fators} \\ 0 &\text{if n has one or more prime fractors with exponent greater than one}\\ 1 &\text{if n has an even number of prime distinct factors}\end{cases}\ (1)$$

Actually I'm spending some of my time around the [non discrete] function... $$\mu(x)= \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \mu (n)\ x^{n}\ (2)$$

In any case is for $0 \le x < 1$ ...$$|\sum_{n=1}^{N} \mu (n)\ x^{n}| \le \sum_{n=1}^{N} x^{n}\ (3)$$

... I'm sure that for $0 \le x < 1$ the series (2) converges. It seems however not to be so obvious for 'Monster Wolfram'...

sum mu(n) x^n from 1 to infinity - Wolfram|Alpha

... according to that the convergence test fails because 'the ratio test in inconclusive'... I would be very happy if somebody clarifies mi ideas... Kind regards $\chi$ $\sigma$
 
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Well, the sum seems convergent to me as well . I ran it on Mathemaica on my PC and it still can not determine convergence .

I tried the following $$\sum_{k\geq 1} \frac{\mu(k)}{2^k } $$ still no response !
 
Today I have found the following 'explicit expression'...

$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \mu(n)\ x^{n} = x - \sum_{a=2}^{\infty} x^{a} + \sum_{b=2}^{\infty} \sum_{a=2}^{\infty} x^ {a\ b} - \sum_{c=2}^{\infty} \sum_{b=2}^{\infty} \sum_{a=2}^{\infty} x^ {a\ b\ c} + \sum_{d=2}^{\infty} \sum_{c=2}^{\infty} \sum_{b=2}^{\infty} \sum_{a=2}^{\infty} x^ {a\ b\ c\ d} - ...\ (1)$$

No surprise about the fact that the amount of computation required overflows also the capability of 'Monster Wolfram' (Sweating) ...

Kind regards

$\chi$ $\sigma$
 
Today I decided to try a 'nice 'experiment'... I recovered from the cellar a very 'artifact', one of them first Pentium PC [improved after it was discovered that first examples failed in doing multiplications (Sadface)...] that I used about twenty year ago and conserve as 'souvenir' and used it to numerically compute some values of the function...

$$\mu (x) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \mu(n)\ x^{n}\ (1)$$

The sum was interrupted after 4000 iteration and the range was $-.99 < x < .99$. The result is reported in the diagram...

http://www.123homepage.it/u/i72335019._szw380h285_.jpg.jfif

Clearly in this range we have 'good convergence' but an obvious question is: what does it happen in the range $-1 < x < -.99$ and $.99 < x < 1$?... The answer is not so easy and You can realize that considering that for x=1 we have...

$$\mu(1) = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} M (n)\ (2)$$

... where...

$$M(n) = \sum_{k=1}^{n} \mu(k)\ (3)$$

... is the so called 'Marten's function' , the behaviour of which for 'large' values of n is highly 'oscillatory' so that may be that the $\mu(x)$ in the range $.99 < x < 1$ crosses the zero infinite times (Sweating)... in any case I intend to do more 'investigations'...

Kind regards

$\chi$ $\sigma$
 
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Insights auto threads is broken atm, so I'm manually creating these for new Insight articles. In Dirac’s Principles of Quantum Mechanics published in 1930 he introduced a “convenient notation” he referred to as a “delta function” which he treated as a continuum analog to the discrete Kronecker delta. The Kronecker delta is simply the indexed components of the identity operator in matrix algebra Source: https://www.physicsforums.com/insights/what-exactly-is-diracs-delta-function/ by...

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