Banach's inverse operator theorem

[DavideGenoa]

Dear friends, I have been trying in vain for a long time to understand the proof given in Kolmogorov and Fomin's of Banach's theorem of the inverse operator. At p. 230 it is said that M_N is dense in P_0 because M_n is dense in P.

I am only able to see the proof that (P\cap M_n)-y_0 \subset P_0 and that (P\cap M_n)-y_0 \subset M_N there.
I obviously realize that P_0=P-y_0 and therefore P_0\cap(M_n-y_0)=(P\cap M_n)-y_0 \subset M_N, but I don't see why P_0\subset\overline{M_N}...
What I find most perplexing is that, in order to prove the density of P_0 in M_N, I would expect something like Let x be such that x\in P_0... then x\in \overline{M_N}, while, there, we "start" from z\in P\cap M_n such that z-y_0\in P_0, but I don't think that all x\in P_0 are such that x+y_0\in P... (further in the proof we look for a \lambda such that \alpha<\|\lambda y\|<\beta, i.e. such that \lambda y\in P_0)

Has anyone a better understanding than mine? Thank you very much for any help!

 

[micromass]

Hint: $M_n\subseteq M_N$ so $M_N$ is also dense in $P$. And $P_0$ is an open subset of $P$.

 

[DavideGenoa]

Thank you so much!

$P_0$ is an open subset of $P$.

Forgive me: I don't know how to prove that...

 

[micromass]

Thank you so much!Forgive me: I don't know how to prove that...

Indeed, because it's not true. What I meant is that $P$ is an open subset of the sphere $S$. And $M_n$ (and thus $M_N$) are dense in there. Apologies for the inconvenience.

 

[DavideGenoa]

Thank you very much: no problem for any mistyping! I see that $P$ is an open subset of the open sphere $S$, therefore $P\subset\overline{S}$, and $M_n$ is chosen such that $S\subset\overline{M_n}$, and $\overline{M_n} \subset\overline{M_N}$ since $M_n\subset M_N$, so I realize $M_N$ is dense in $P$ (because $P\subset\overline{S}\subset\overline{M_n}\subset\overline{M_N}$), but I don't see why $P_0\subset\overline{M_N}$...

 

[micromass]

Thank you very much: no problem for any mistyping! I see that $P$ is an open subset of the open sphere $S$, therefore $P\subset\overline{S}$, and $M_n$ is chosen such that $S\subset\overline{M_n}$, and $\overline{M_n} \subset\overline{M_N}$ since $M_n\subset M_N$, so I realize $M_N$ is dense in $P$ (because $P\subset\overline{S}\subset\overline{M_n}\subset\overline{M_N}$), but I don't see why $P_0\subset\overline{M_N}$...

$P_0$ is an open subset of the sphere $S$ too.

 

[DavideGenoa]

Ehm... I cannot see that... Of course $y_0\in M_n\cap S$ and $P\subset S$, and therefore $P_0\subset S-y_0$, but I see nothing else relevant...

 

[micromass]

Ehm... I cannot see that... Of course $y_0\in M_n\cap S$ and $P\subset S$, and therefore $P_0\subset S-y_0$, but I see nothing else relevant...

It's intuitive, no? We know that $P$ is (part of) a sphere inside the sphere $S$, but it's centered at $y_0$. Then we translate $P$ to be centered at the origin. I think it should be clear that this translation is still part of $S$.

 

[DavideGenoa]

Thank you so much! Is $S$ is centred in $0$? In that case, yes, I see that $P_0\subset S$, because if it weren't so, then $\beta> r$ where $r$ is the radius of $S$, but, in that case, for any $\varepsilon>0$ we could find a $x\in P$ such that $\|x-y_0\|>\beta-\varepsilon>r-\varepsilon$ and, chosing $\varepsilon=\beta- r$, we would contradict $P\subset S$, I think. Though, I am not sure how we can chose a $S$ centred in $0$...

 

[micromass]

Thank you so much! Is $S$ is centred in $0$? In that case, yes, I see that $P_0\subset S$, because if it weren't so, then $\beta> r$ where $r$ is the radius of $S$, but, in that case, for any $\varepsilon>0$ we could find a $x\in P$ such that $\|x-y_0\|>\beta-\varepsilon>r-\varepsilon$ and, chosing $\varepsilon=\beta- r$, we would contradict $P\subset S$, I think. Though, I am not sure how we can chose a $S$ centred in $0$...

Haha, ok, $S$ is not necessarily centered in $0$. Missed that one.

OK, so $(4)$ basically proves that if $z\in P\cap M_n$, then $z-y_0\in P_0\cap M_N$.

So, to prove $M_N$is dense in $P_0$. Take an arbitrary $x\in P_0$. This is of the form $x = x^\prime - y_0$ with $x^\prime \in P$. Since $M_n$is dense in $P$, we can find a sequence $(x_n)_n\subseteq M_n\cap P$ such that $x_n\rightarrow x^\prime$. Then obviously by $(4)$, we have $(x_n - y_0)_n \subseteq P_0\cap M_N$ and $x_n - y_0\rightarrow x$

 

[DavideGenoa]

If the book had used a handful of words more...
I deeply thank you... Now everything is clear.