How Do You Determine the Basicity of Nitrogen Heterocycles?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around determining the basicity of various nitrogen heterocycles, specifically comparing compounds such as piperidine, pyridine, pyrrolidone, and diphenylamine. Participants explore factors influencing basicity, including hybridization and the presence of acidic groups.

Discussion Character

  • Homework-related, Technical explanation, Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant asserts that piperidine is more basic than diphenylamine due to the presence of two acidic phenyl rings in the latter.
  • Another participant notes that amides are generally much less basic than amines, which influences the comparison between the compounds.
  • There is a discussion about the weak basicity of pyrrole due to its sp2 hybridized nitrogen atom, although it is clarified that none of the discussed compounds are pyrrole.
  • Participants express uncertainty about how the phenyl rings in diphenylamine might affect its basicity relative to pyrrolidone.
  • A participant mentions that the carbonyl group in amides is a good pi acceptor, which contributes to their lower basicity.
  • Some participants agree that the order of basicity can be inferred from the provided link, suggesting that piperidine is the strongest base among the compounds discussed.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

While there is some agreement on the basicity of piperidine being stronger than the other compounds, the discussion contains uncertainty regarding the relative basicity of pyrrolidone and diphenylamine, and no consensus is reached on the overall order of basicity.

Contextual Notes

Participants express confusion over the identities of the compounds, particularly mistaking pyridine for pyrrole, which may affect their assessments. The discussion also highlights the influence of structural features on basicity without resolving the specific order of basicity among the compounds.

baldbrain
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Homework Statement


Select the correct order of basicity of the following compounds:
IMG_20180630_184900.JPG

The Attempt at a Solution


Obviously, (i) is more basic than (iv) because of the 2 acidic phenyl rings in (iv). Also, I know that amides are much less basic than amines. So, that leaves me with either (B) or (C). Further, due to the sp2 hybrid N atom in pyrrole, it is weakly basic.
But how do I decide it's basicity relative to the rest?
Also, though it's clear from (B) & (C) that (iii) will be less basic than both (i) & (iv), how do I decide that the phenyl rings in (iv) won't decrease the basicity to such an extent that (iii) will get more basic?
 

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Here's a good introduction to amine basicity:
https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2017/04/26/5-factors-that-affect-basicity-of-amines/
baldbrain said:
(i) is more basic than (iv) because of the 2 acidic phenyl rings in (iv). Also, I know that amides are much less basic than amines. So, that leaves me with either (B) or (C)
Yes, yes, yes.
baldbrain said:
Further, due to the sp2 hybrid N atom in pyrrole, it is weakly basic.
None of these molecules are pyrrole. There's piperidine (i), pyridine (ii), pyrrolidone (iii), and diphenylamine (iv).
baldbrain said:
Also, though it's clear from (B) & (C) that (iii) will be less basic than both (i) & (iv), how do I decide that the phenyl rings in (iv) won't decrease the basicity to such an extent that (iii) will get more basic?
The carbonyl group is a really good pi acceptor (and also a half-decent proton acceptor), so in general amides really really don't want to be protonated.
 
TeethWhitener said:
None of these molecules are pyrrole.
Sorry! Confused pyridine for pyrrole.
 
Ok, so from the link, the answer would be (C)
 
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baldbrain said:
Ok, so from the link, the answer would be (C)
Yes, the big giveaway (or shortcut, now that I'm looking closely at the possible answers) is that piperidine (the aliphatic amine) will be a much stronger base than the rest of them.
 
TeethWhitener said:
Yes, the big giveaway (or shortcut, now that I'm looking closely at the possible answers) is that piperidine (the aliphatic amine) will be a much stronger base than the rest of them.
Right:wink:
 

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