Can a Function Belong to L^1 and have a Maximal Function in L^1?

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    2016
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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the mathematical problem regarding functions in the space L^1. Specifically, it establishes that if a function \( f : \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R} \) and its maximal function \( \mathcal{M}f \) both belong to \( \mathcal{L}^1(\mathbb{R}^n) \), then \( f(x) = 0 \) for almost every \( x \in \mathbb{R}^n \). This conclusion was confirmed through a solution provided by the user Opalg, demonstrating the implications of maximal functions in the context of Lebesgue integrable functions.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of Lebesgue integrable functions (L^1 space)
  • Familiarity with maximal functions in analysis
  • Knowledge of measure theory concepts
  • Basic proficiency in real analysis
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the properties of maximal functions in L^p spaces
  • Explore the implications of the Lebesgue Dominated Convergence Theorem
  • Investigate the role of L^1 functions in functional analysis
  • Learn about the relationship between pointwise convergence and integrability
USEFUL FOR

Mathematicians, students of real analysis, and researchers interested in functional analysis and measure theory will benefit from this discussion, particularly those studying properties of L^1 functions and maximal operators.

Euge
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Here is this week's POTW:

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Let $f : \Bbb R^n \to \Bbb R$ be a function such that $f$ and its maximal function $\mathcal{M}f$ belong to $\mathcal{L}^1(\Bbb R^n)$. Show that $f(x) = 0$ for almost every $x\in \Bbb R^n$.-----

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This week's problem was correctly solved by Opalg. You can read his solution below.
If $f$ is not almost everywhere zero then there exist $r, \varepsilon > 0$ such that $$\int_{B(0,r)}|f(y)|\,dy > \varepsilon.$$ For $x \in\Bbb{R}^n,$ $B(0,r) \subseteq B(x,|x|+r).$ It follows that $$\int_{B(x,|x|+r)}|f(y)|\,dy > \varepsilon$$ and therefore $$(\mathcal{M}f)(x) \geqslant \frac1{V(|x|+r)}\int_{B(x,|x|+r)}|f(y)|\,dy > \frac{\varepsilon}{V(|x|+r)}.$$ But $$\lim_{|x|\to\infty}\frac{V(|x|+r)}{V(|x|)} = 1,$$ and $V(|x|)$ is a constant times $|x|^n$. So whenever $|x|$ is sufficiently large, $(\mathcal{M}f)(x) \geqslant C|x|^{-n}$ for some positive constant $C$. But $|x|^{-n}$ is not an $L^1$-function as $|x|\to\infty,$ and hence neither is $\mathcal{M}f.$

In conclusion, if $\mathcal{M}f$ is an $L^1$-function then $f$ must be almost everywhere zero.
 

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