Can Division Rings Be Generated by Products of Perfect Squares?

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    2016
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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the mathematical problem of whether a division ring, denoted as $D$, can be generated by products of perfect squares under specific conditions. It is established that if $D$ is not of characteristic two and is not commutative, then $D$ can indeed be generated by such products. The problem remains unsolved in the forum, with no responses provided to the posed question.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of division rings and their properties.
  • Knowledge of characteristics in algebraic structures, specifically characteristic two.
  • Familiarity with the concept of perfect squares in ring theory.
  • Basic comprehension of commutative versus non-commutative algebra.
NEXT STEPS
  • Research the properties of division rings and their characteristics.
  • Study the implications of non-commutativity in algebraic structures.
  • Explore the concept of perfect squares in the context of ring theory.
  • Examine existing literature on the generation of algebraic structures by specific subsets.
USEFUL FOR

Mathematicians, algebraists, and students studying advanced algebraic structures, particularly those interested in division rings and their properties.

Euge
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Here is this week's POTW:

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Let $D$ be a division ring. Show that if $D$ is not simultaneously of characteristic two and commutative, then $D$ is generated by products of perfect squares.
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No one answered this week's problem. You can read my solution below.
Let $R$ be the subring of $D$ generated by products of squares of $D$. If $D$ has odd characteristic, then for every $x\in D$, $x = \left(\frac{x+1}{2}\right)^2 - \left(\frac{x-1}{2}\right)^2 \in R$. Hence $D = R$ if $D$ has odd characteristic.

If, on the other hand, $D$ is noncommutative with characteristic 2, then there exists $d\in D$ such that $d^2$ is non-central. So there exists $x\in D$ such that $d^2x \neq xd^2$. The element $a := d^2x + xd^2$ is nonzero, hence invertible in $D$. Now given $y\in D$,

$$ay = d^2xy + xd^2y = d^2xy + d^2yx + d^2yx + xd^2y = d^2(xy + yx) + (d^2y)x + x(d^2y) = d^2[(x+y)^2 - x^2 - y^2] + (d^2y + x)^2 - (d^2y)^2 - x^2\in R$$

Therefore $y = a^{-1}(ay)\in R$. Since $y$ was arbitary, $D = R$.
 

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