Every physical quantity
f has dimensions ([
f]) w.r.t. the
seven base physical quantities:
- time T
- length L
- mass M
- electric current I
- thermodynamic temperature \mathrm{\Theta}
- amount of substance N
- luminous intensity J
Luminous intensity is a
photometric quantity. Its unit is the
candela (cd). It is a subjective measure of how the human eye perceives light. If one is concerned with objective measures of radiation fluxes, then this unit is not used.
Amount of substance is directly proportional to the number of elementary entities in the ensemble. The unit is called a mole. The actual number of particles present in a mole of substance is considered a physical constant, although I would think that it makes more sense to call it a conversion factor. It is the
Avogadro's constant:
<br />
N_A = 6.022 \times 10^{23} \, \mathrm{mol}^{-1}<br />
Similarly, due to developments in Statistical Physics, it had been shown that temperature is directly proportional to some energy ("thermal energy"). The unit of thermodynamic temperature is
kelvin (K), whereas the unit of energy is
joule (J). A conversion factor that converts any temperature (
T) into energy units (\theta = k_B \, T) is the
Boltzmann's constant:
<br />
k_B = 1.3806 \times 10^{-23} \, \frac{\mathrm{J}}{\mathrm{K}}<br />
The above two constants combine to give another famous constant - the
Universal gas constant:
<br />
R = k_B \, N_A = 8.314 \, \frac{\mathrm{J}}{\mathrm{K} \cdot \mathrm{mol}}<br />
The unit of electric current is the
ampere (A). If you look at its definition, it is defined through the force (a mechanical quantity) between two long straight conductors with given length, and a certain distance apart (both mechanical quantitites). Thus, there must be a conversion factor between mechanical quantities (time, length, and mass), and the electric quantitiy. Indeed, there is such a conversion factor, called the
vacuum permeability:
<br />
\mu_0 = 4\pi \times 10^{-7} \, \frac{\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{A}^2}<br />
Thus, in principle, all quantities have dimension only w.r.t. to the three mechanical base units:
<br />
[f] = \mathrm{T}^{\tau} \, \mathrm{L}^{\lambda} \, \mathrm{M}^{\mu}<br />
The exponents (the
τ,
λ, and
μ, which are pure rational numbers) are the corresponding dimensions w.r.t. to each base quantity.
Some rules for dimensions are:
- A dimensionless quantity has zero dimension w.r.t. each base physical quantity [f] = \mathrm{T}^0 \, \mathrm{L}^0 \, \mathrm{M}^0 = 1.
- Both sides of an equality have the same dimension, i.e. f = g \Rightarrow [f] = [g]
- You may only add (or subtract) quantities with the same dimension, i.e. h = f \pm g \Leftrightarrow [f] = [g] = [h].
- The dimension of a product (quotient) of two physical quantites is he product of their respective dimensions, i.e. [f \cdot g] = [f] \cdot [g] (the exponents for each base quantity add (subtract).
- A mathematical function (exp, log, sin, cos, etc.) accepts a dimensionless argument and returns a dimensionless result, i.e. y = f(x), \Rightarrow [x] = [y] = 1.