MHB Can You Verify the Integral of Secant Squared Over (1+Tangent)^3?

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The integral of secant squared over (1 + tangent) cubed is evaluated using the substitution u = 1 + tan(t), leading to the integral of 1/u^3. The result is calculated as -1/(2u^2) or 1/(2(1 + tan(t))^2) + C. A participant notes a missing minus sign in the final answer, but confirms that the derivative of the result matches the original integral. The discussion emphasizes the importance of careful algebraic manipulation in integration.
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$$\int\frac{\sec^2 \left({t}\right)}{\left(1+\tan\left({t}\right)\right)^3}dt$$

$$u=1+\tan\left({t}\right)\ du=\sec^2\left({t}\right) dt$$

So far ok?
 
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karush said:
$$\int\frac{\sec^2 \left({t}\right)}{\left(1+\tan\left({t}\right)\right)^3}dt$$

$$u=1+\tan\left({t}\right)\ du=\sec^2\left({t}\right) dt$$

So far ok?

Yep. (Nod)
 
$$\int\frac{1}{{u}^{3}}du =-\frac{1}{{2u}^{2}}=\frac{1}{2 (1+\tan\left({t}\right)) ^2 }+C$$

I hope the TI gave a different answer?
 
karush said:
$$\int\frac{1}{{u}^{3}}du =-\frac{1}{{2u}^{2}}=\frac{1}{2 (1+\tan\left({t}\right)) ^2 }+C$$

I hope the TI gave a different answer?

You've lost a minus sign in the final answer, but otherwise we can verify that if we take the derivative we get indeed the original integral.
 
There are probably loads of proofs of this online, but I do not want to cheat. Here is my attempt: Convexity says that $$f(\lambda a + (1-\lambda)b) \leq \lambda f(a) + (1-\lambda) f(b)$$ $$f(b + \lambda(a-b)) \leq f(b) + \lambda (f(a) - f(b))$$ We know from the intermediate value theorem that there exists a ##c \in (b,a)## such that $$\frac{f(a) - f(b)}{a-b} = f'(c).$$ Hence $$f(b + \lambda(a-b)) \leq f(b) + \lambda (a - b) f'(c))$$ $$\frac{f(b + \lambda(a-b)) - f(b)}{\lambda(a-b)}...

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