Congruence of all integers n, 4^n and 1 +3n mod(9)?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the congruence relation involving integers n, specifically examining whether \(4^n\) is congruent to \(1 + 3n\) modulo 9 for all integers n. The scope includes number theory concepts, induction proofs, and considerations of integer properties.

Discussion Character

  • Debate/contested
  • Mathematical reasoning

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants question whether the professor's statement about the congruence for all integers n is accurate, suggesting it may only apply to non-negative integers or natural numbers.
  • One participant proposes that a counterexample, such as \(n = -2\), could demonstrate that the congruence does not hold for all integers.
  • Another participant notes that in number theory, it is common to assume variables are natural numbers unless specified otherwise, highlighting the potential confusion with negative powers.
  • A participant mentions that the only residues modulo 9 are 1, 4, and 7, and discusses the implications of using inverses in this context.
  • One contribution discusses a general rule regarding powers of a and their inverses in relation to modular arithmetic when a and b are relatively prime.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express disagreement regarding the applicability of the congruence to all integers, with some suggesting limitations to non-negative integers or natural numbers. The discussion remains unresolved as to whether the original statement is correct for all integers.

Contextual Notes

Participants highlight the ambiguity in the professor's wording and the assumptions about the nature of integers involved in the congruence. There are also discussions about the implications of negative integers and the properties of modular arithmetic that remain unaddressed.

mgiddy911
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I just took a number theory midterm, the professor had a question the that said
"Show by induction that for all integers n, 4^{n} is congruent to 1 +3n mod(9).

Now am I crazy or did the professor probably mean to say integers greater or equal to 0, or for any natural number n, ...

couldn't you show a counter example for instance n = -2, such that the congruence is false?
 
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mgiddy911 said:
I just took a number theory midterm, the professor had a question the that said
"Show by induction that for all integers n, 4^{n} is congruent to 1 +3n mod(9).

Now am I crazy or did the professor probably mean to say integers greater or equal to 0, or for any natural number n, ...

couldn't you show a counter example for instance n = -2, such that the congruence is false?

In number theory, it's not unusual to assume that variables are natural numbers unless otherwise specified. I don't really want to think about negative powers here, since:
* There is no multiplicative inverse over natural numbers or integers
* There is a multiplicative inverse over real numbers (x not 0)
* There is sometimes a multiplicative inverse over Zp

and there could be reason to work over any of these.
 
The only residues are 1,4,7, so even if we use the inverses, it doesn't matter since

\frac{1}{4}\equiv 7 mod 9
 
When you think about it, as a general rule, if a and Mod b are such that, a, b positive integers, and (a,b) =1, (they are relatively prime ) Then the powers of a Mod b form a cyclic group, i.e., every power of a has an inverse in the group.
 
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