MHB Construct a segment x satisfying the equation :1/x−2/a+3/(x+a)=0

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The discussion focuses on constructing a segment x that satisfies the equation 1/x - 2/a + 3/(x+a) = 0, given a segment of length a. Participants note the presence of an error in the equation, emphasizing the importance of accuracy in mathematical expressions. The conversation highlights that constructible numbers are defined as algebraic numbers of order a power of 2, which satisfy polynomial equations with integer coefficients of that degree. Additionally, there is a mention of constructing a segment y with length √(ax). Overall, the thread emphasizes the significance of precise mathematical formulation in geometric constructions.
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given a segment with length $a$
(1)construct a segment $x$ satisfying the equation :$\dfrac {1}{x}-\dfrac {2}{a}+
\dfrac {3}{x+a}=0$
(2)construct a segment $y$ with length $\sqrt {ax}$
 
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For (1), first solve the equation for x: $$\frac{1}{x}- \frac{2}{a}+ \frac{3}{x+ a}= 0$$. Multiply both sides by ax(x+ a). [math]a(x+ a)- 2x(x+ a)+ 3a= -2x^2+ ax- 2ax+ a^2- 3a= -2x^- ax+ a^2= 0[/math]. which is equivalent to [math]2x^2+ ax- a^2= 0[/math], a quadratic equation. By the quadratic formula, [math]x= \frac{-a\pm \sqrt{a^2+ 4a^2}}{4}= \frac{-a\pm a\sqrt{5}}{4}[/math].

Basically, then the problem is to construct a segment of length [math]a\sqrt{5}[/math]. To do that, construct a segment of length 2a. At one end of that segment, construct the perpendicular to the segment and mark off length a on it. Draw the segment connecting the other two ends of those segments. This new segment is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of length a and 2a so it has length \sqrt{a^2+ (2a)^2}= \sqrt{5a^2}= a\sqrt{5}.
 
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HallsofIvy said:
For (1), first solve the equation for x: $$\frac{1}{x}- \frac{2}{a}+ \frac{3}{x+ a}= 0$$. Multiply both sides by ax(x+ a). [math]a(x+ a)- 2x(x+ a)+ 3a= -2x^2+ ax- 2ax+ a^2- 3a= -2x^- ax+ a^2= 0[/math]. which is equivalent to [math]2x^2+ ax- a^2= 0[/math], a quadratic equation. By the quadratic formula, [math]x= \frac{-a\pm \sqrt{a^2+ 4a^2}}{4}= \frac{-a\pm a\sqrt{5}}{4}[/math].

Basically, then the problem is to construct a segment of length [math]a\sqrt{5}[/math]. To do that, construct a segment of length 2a. At one end of that segment, construct the perpendicular to the segment and mark off length a on it. Draw the segment connecting the other two ends of those segments. This new segment is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of length a and 2a so it has length \sqrt{a^2+ (2a)^2}= \sqrt{5a^2}= a\sqrt{5}.
sorry ,calculation not correct (a typo)
 
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Oh, Pooh! Yes, there is an error (calling it a "typo" is kind).

The original equation is \frac{1}{x}- \frac{2}{a}+ \frac{3}{x+ a}= 0.

Multiplying by ax(x+ a) gives a(x+ a)- 2x(x+ a)+ 3ax= 0, not what I had before. Then ax+ a^2- 2x^2- 2ax+ 3ax= -2x^2+ 2ax+ a^2= 0. That is a quadratic equation. By the quadratic formula \frac{-2a\pm\sqrt{4a^2+ 8a^2}}{-4}= \frac{-2a\pm\sqrt{12a^2}}{-4}= a\frac{1\pm\sqrt{3}}{2}
 
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HallsofIvy said:
Oh, Pooh! Yes, there is an error (calling it a "typo" is kind).

The original equation is \frac{1}{x}- \frac{2}{a}+ \frac{3}{x+ a}= 0.

Multiplying by ax(x+ a) gives a(x+ a)- 2x(x+ a)+ 3ax= 0, not what I had before. Then ax+ a^2- 2x^2- 2ax+ 3ax= -2x^2+ 2ax+ a^2= 0. That is a quadratic equation. By the quadratic formula \frac{-2a\pm\sqrt{4a^2+ 8a^2}}{-4}= \frac{-2a\pm\sqrt{12a^2}}{-4}= a\frac{1\pm\sqrt{3}}{2}
$x=a(\dfrac {1+\sqrt 3}{2})$ for $x=a(\dfrac {1-\sqrt 3}{2})$ is unreasonable
now how to construct segments with length $x=a(\dfrac {1+\sqrt 3}{2})$
and $y=\sqrt {ax}$
 
My attempt:

From
\[\frac{1}{x}-\frac{2}{a}+\frac{3}{x+a}=0\]
We get:
\[2x^2-2ax-a^2=0\Rightarrow x = \frac{1}{2}a+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}a = a\cos 30^{\circ} + a \sin 30^{\circ}\]

View attachment 7019

Construction of $x$: Divide a right angle (in the 1st quadrant) into three equal angles. This is done in three small steps with a compass. Let segment $a$ ($|OA|$) be the hypotenuse with an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal line. From point $A$ draw a vertical line to meet the $x$-axis in point $B$. The adjacent catheter of triangle $OAB$ has the length: $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}a$, whereas the opposing catheter has the length $\frac{1}{2}a$. Now, add a half segment $a$ to the adjacent catheter (point $A’$). Our $x$ is then |OA’|.

View attachment 7020Construction of $ax$: Mark segment $a$ on the $y$-axis (from Origo, point $A$). Mark segment $x$ on the $x$-axis (from Origo, point $X$). Then mark the unit length (point $B$) on the $y$-axis. Now connect $B$ and $X$. Draw a line through point $A$ parallel to the line through $B$ and $X$. The line cuts the $x$-axis in point $C$ at a distance $ax$ from Origo. This is easily seen from the two triangles (with equal angles):
$\frac{|OX|}{|OB|} = \frac{|OC|}{|OA|} \rightarrow \frac{x}{1}=\frac{|OC|}{a} \rightarrow |OC| = ax$.View attachment 7021

Construction of $y = \sqrt{ax}$:
Mark segment $ax$ on the $x$-axis (point $A$). Then mark the point of unit length starting from Origo to the left (point $B$). Draw the half circle with diameter $|AB|$. The half circle and the $y$-axis cross in point ($Y$). We have two triangles with equal angles: OAY and OBY. Thus, we have the relation:

\[\frac{|Y|}{1} = \frac{|OA|}{|Y|}\rightarrow |Y|^2 = |OA| \rightarrow |Y| = \sqrt{|OA|}\rightarrow y = \sqrt{ax}\]
 

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lfdahl said:
My attempt:

From
\[\frac{1}{x}-\frac{2}{a}+\frac{3}{x+a}=0\]
We get:
\[2x^2-2ax-a^2=0\Rightarrow x = \frac{1}{2}a+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}a = a\cos 30^{\circ} + a \sin 30^{\circ}\]
Construction of $x$: Divide a right angle (in the 1st quadrant) into three equal angles. This is done in three small steps with a compass. Let segment $a$ ($|OA|$) be the hypotenuse with an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal line. From point $A$ draw a vertical line to meet the $x$-axis in point $B$. The adjacent catheter of triangle $OAB$ has the length: $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}a$, whereas the opposing catheter has the length $\frac{1}{2}a$. Now, add a half segment $a$ to the adjacent catheter (point $A’$). Our $x$ is then |OA’|.

Construction of $ax$: Mark segment $a$ on the $y$-axis (from Origo, point $A$). Mark segment $x$ on the $x$-axis (from Origo, point $X$). Then mark the unit length (point $B$) on the $y$-axis. Now connect $B$ and $X$. Draw a line through point $A$ parallel to the line through $B$ and $X$. The line cuts the $x$-axis in point $C$ at a distance $ax$ from Origo. This is easily seen from the two triangles (with equal angles):
$\frac{|OX|}{|OB|} = \frac{|OC|}{|OA|} \rightarrow \frac{x}{1}=\frac{|OC|}{a} \rightarrow |OC| = ax$.

Construction of $y = \sqrt{ax}$:
Mark segment $ax$ on the $x$-axis (point $A$). Then mark the point of unit length starting from Origo to the left (point $B$). Draw the half circle with diameter $|AB|$. The half circle and the $y$-axis cross in point ($Y$). We have two triangles with equal angles: OAY and OBY. Thus, we have the relation:

\[\frac{|Y|}{1} = \frac{|OA|}{|Y|}\rightarrow |Y|^2 = |OA| \rightarrow |Y| = \sqrt{|OA|}\rightarrow y = \sqrt{ax}\]
lfdahl,thanks for participation. well done!
 
Just in general: The "constructible numbers" are precisely those numbers that are "algebraic of order a power of 2". That is, those numbers that satisfy a polynomial equation with integer coefficients with degree a power of 2.
 
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