I guess the OP means derive from certain mathematical or geometrical assumptions as starting point to get the metric without the direct use of the EFE. Just like it can be done with the FRW metric that is a solution of the EFE derived from simple assumptions about manifolds, isotropy and homogeneity, without the need of the EFE as starting point.
Wrt the Schwarzschild metric, all derivations I know include the EFE in vacuum as starting point, the only other requisite being isotropy according to the Birkhoff theorem.