Do equations in nature always have separate time and space derivatives?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the nature of equations in physics, specifically whether equations describing natural phenomena always have separate time and space derivatives or if mixed derivatives can occur. Participants explore examples from partial differential equations (PDEs) and consider implications in various physical theories, including General Relativity.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant suggests that equations in nature typically have separate time and space derivatives, questioning if mixed derivatives, such as u_tx, ever appear in real mechanisms.
  • Another participant clarifies that the term "separate" likely refers to the absence of mixed derivatives and notes that the structure of equations can depend on the choice of coordinate system rather than being a fundamental property of nature.
  • A participant mentions that General Relativity is an example where mixed derivatives occur in a non-linear fashion, indicating that such equations do exist in certain physical theories.
  • There is a discussion about the possibility of transforming coordinate systems to avoid mixed derivatives, suggesting that this is a mathematical choice rather than a reflection of physical reality.
  • One participant requests examples to illustrate the concept of mixed derivatives in equations, particularly in relation to the heat equation.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on whether the occurrence of mixed derivatives is a characteristic of nature or a result of mathematical choices in coordinate systems. There is no consensus on the necessity or prevalence of mixed derivatives in equations describing natural phenomena.

Contextual Notes

Participants note that the presence of mixed derivatives may depend on the coordinate system used, and there is an acknowledgment that the discussion does not resolve whether mixed derivatives are fundamentally present in nature.

Fu Lin
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In pde, it seems to me all kinds of equations about nature phenomena have the property that time and space derivatives are separate. For example, u_t = u_xx, heat equation. So I wonder, is that always the case in nature? I mean, do you guys ever see equation describing real nature mechanism but has mixed derivatives involved, ie, has a term like u_tx? If not, is there a reason for that?

This might be a silly question, but thanks in advance.:smile:
 
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It's not clear t me what you mean by "separate". Do you mean "no mixed derivatives", like u_xt?The heat equation in 3 space dimensions, [itex]u_t= u_{xx}+ u_{yy}+ u_{zz}[/itex] have the other space variables as "separate" as x and t. That depends entirely on your choice of coordinate system- not "nature".
 
HallsofIvy said:
It's not clear t me what you mean by "separate". Do you mean "no mixed derivatives", like u_xt?The heat equation in 3 space dimensions, [itex]u_t= u_{xx}+ u_{yy}+ u_{zz}[/itex] have the other space variables as "separate" as x and t. That depends entirely on your choice of coordinate system- not "nature".

Yes, I mean mixed derivatives both in time and space, like [itex]u_{tx}[/itex]. For example, an equation like [itex]u_{t} = u_{tx} + u_{xx}.[/itex]
 
Fu Lin said:
... So I wonder, is that always the case in nature? I mean, do you guys ever see equation describing real nature mechanism but has mixed derivatives involved, ie, has a term like u_tx? ...

The ultimate example is General Relativity. It mixes up all kind of derivatives, and in a non-linear way! :smile:
 
Fu Lin said:
Yes, I mean mixed derivatives both in time and space, like [itex]u_{tx}[/itex]. For example, an equation like [itex]u_{t} = u_{tx} + u_{xx}.[/itex]
Then, as I said above, it depends entirely upon your choice of coordinates. It is always possible to find coordinate axes, in the "principal directions" that avoid mixed derivatives. It has nothing to do with "nature" or space and time.
 
HallsofIvy said:
Then, as I said above, it depends entirely upon your choice of coordinates. It is always possible to find coordinate axes, in the "principal directions" that avoid mixed derivatives. It has nothing to do with "nature" or space and time.

Is it possible to give an example? Say, heat equation, can we change coordinate to come up a mixed derivative term? Or any example to illustrate your idea? thanks
 
Rainbow Child said:
The ultimate example is General Relativity. It mixes up all kind of derivatives, and in a non-linear way! :smile:

thanks for reply. I have no idea about general relativity. Could you provide an easy example?
 

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