Efficiency of a heat engine in space

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the feasibility and efficiency of building heat engines in outer space, specifically considering the temperature differences between a hot reservoir heated by the sun and a cold reservoir at very low temperatures. Participants explore theoretical efficiency compared to photovoltaics and the practical challenges involved, such as radiator size and working fluid selection.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant proposes that a heat engine could theoretically achieve high efficiency in space due to significant temperature differences between a hot reservoir and a cold reservoir.
  • Another participant questions the relevance of heat capacity in the context of radiating heat in a vacuum.
  • A later reply suggests that while it is theoretically possible to build such a heat engine, practical considerations like launch costs and the size of heat exchangers may render it unfeasible.
  • It is noted that the deep vacuum of space can be at low temperatures, but the ability to absorb heat is limited, primarily relying on radiation, which restricts power output.
  • Participants discuss the potential efficiency of the engine and suggest looking at existing solar thermal plant specifications to analyze efficiency changes with varying reservoir temperatures.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the practicality of building efficient heat engines in space, with some suggesting it could be done while others highlight significant challenges. There is no consensus on the feasibility or the best approach.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include assumptions about the size and cost of radiators, the definition of efficiency in this context, and the dependence on specific working fluids. The discussion does not resolve these issues.

phyzguy
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TL;DR
Could we build a very efficient heat engine in outer space because of the avaialability of a very cold reservoir.
I have a question about building efficient heat engines in outer space. In theory you could have a hot reservoir heated by the sun that was several hundred degrees C, and a cold reservoir that was very cold - maybe 50K - 100K or even colder. Thus, theoretically at least, a heat engine could be very efficient, much more efficent than photovoltaics. Is this practical, or would the radiator required to cool the cold reservoir be prohibitively large? If you did try to build something like this, what working fluid would be best?
 
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What is the heat capacity of vacuum?
 
Vanadium 50 said:
What is the heat capacity of vacuum?
I don't understand your comment. You can radiate away heat, so I don't think heat capacity is relevant.
 
Vanadium 50 said:
What is the heat capacity of vacuum?
Roughly infinite.
phyzguy said:
Is this practical, or would the radiator required to cool the cold reservoir be prohibitively large?
It could be done, but probably isn't going to be worthwhile due to launch costs/heat exchanger size. But I'd start by looking at a the specs for an existing solar thermal plant and calculating how much the efficiency changes with a drop in reservoir temp.
 
phyzguy said:
I don't understand your comment.

It's the difference between heat and temperature. The deep vacuum of space can be at low temperature, but it is difficult to absorb much heat - as Russ says, it's entirely radiation. You max out at something like half a horsepower per square meter. So while you can get a very high efficiency, you are limited to very low power compared to heat engines that you are used to.
 

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