MHB Evaluate Integral $t_{1.11}$: $\cos^3$ to $\cos$

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The integral \( I_{11} = \int \frac{\sin\sqrt{t}}{\sqrt{t\cos^3\sqrt{t}}}\, dt \) is evaluated by substituting \( u = \cos\sqrt{t} \), which leads to a transformed integral that simplifies to \( 2\int\frac{1}{u^{3/2}} du \). This results in \( I_{11} = \frac{4}{\sqrt{\cos\left(\sqrt{t}\right)}} + C \). A key point of confusion is why \( \cos^3 x \) cannot be simplified to \( \cos x \) by dropping the radical; this is clarified by noting that a square root only undoes a square, not a cube. The discussion emphasizes the importance of proper substitution and transformation in integral calculus. Understanding these concepts is crucial for evaluating integrals correctly.
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$\tiny{t1.11}$
$\textsf{Evaluate the Integral}$
\begin{align*}\displaystyle
I_{11}&=\int \frac{\sin\sqrt{t}}{\sqrt{t\cos^3\sqrt{t}}}\, dt\\
&=\int\frac{\sin\sqrt{t}}{\sqrt{t}\cos^{3/2}\sqrt{t}}\, dt\\
u&=\cos\sqrt{t}\\
du&=-\dfrac{\sin\left(\sqrt{t}\right)}{2\sqrt{t}}\, dt\\
dt&=\frac{2\sqrt{t}}{\sin(\sqrt{t})}\, du\\
I_{11}&=\int\frac{\sin\sqrt{t}}{\sqrt{t}\cos^{3/2}\sqrt{t}}\, \frac{2\sqrt{t}}{\sin(\sqrt{t})} \, du\\
\textit{plug u in}&\\
&=2\int\frac{1}{u^{3/2}} du\\
&=\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{u}}+C\\
\textit{substitute back $\cos\sqrt{t}$ for u}&\\
I_{11}&=\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{\cos\left(\sqrt{t}\right)}}+C
\end{align*}
looking at an example I didn't understand why $\cos^3 x$ in the given Integral could not be simply reduced to just $\cos x$ by dropping the radical. I tried this but it didn't work.
 
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karush said:
$\tiny{t1.11}$
$\textsf{Evaluate the Integral}$
\begin{align*}\displaystyle
I_{11}&=\int \frac{\sin\sqrt{t}}{\sqrt{t\cos^3\sqrt{t}}}\, dt\\
&=\int\frac{\sin\sqrt{t}}{\sqrt{t}\cos^{3/2}\sqrt{t}}\, dt\\
u&=\cos\sqrt{t}\\
du&=-\dfrac{\sin\left(\sqrt{t}\right)}{2\sqrt{t}}\, dt\\
dt&=\frac{2\sqrt{t}}{\sin(\sqrt{t})}\, du\\
I_{11}&=\int\frac{\sin\sqrt{t}}{\sqrt{t}\cos^{3/2}\sqrt{t}}\, \frac{2\sqrt{t}}{\sin(\sqrt{t})} \, du\\
\textit{plug u in}&\\
&=2\int\frac{1}{u^{3/2}} du\\
&=\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{u}}+C\\
\textit{substitute back $\cos\sqrt{t}$ for u}&\\
I_{11}&=\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{\cos\left(\sqrt{t}\right)}}+C
\end{align*}
looking at an example I didn't understand why $\cos^3 x$ in the given Integral could not be simply reduced to just $\cos x$ by dropping the radical. I tried this but it didn't work.

Maybe because a square root undoes a SQUARE, not a cube...
 
There are probably loads of proofs of this online, but I do not want to cheat. Here is my attempt: Convexity says that $$f(\lambda a + (1-\lambda)b) \leq \lambda f(a) + (1-\lambda) f(b)$$ $$f(b + \lambda(a-b)) \leq f(b) + \lambda (f(a) - f(b))$$ We know from the intermediate value theorem that there exists a ##c \in (b,a)## such that $$\frac{f(a) - f(b)}{a-b} = f'(c).$$ Hence $$f(b + \lambda(a-b)) \leq f(b) + \lambda (a - b) f'(c))$$ $$\frac{f(b + \lambda(a-b)) - f(b)}{\lambda(a-b)}...

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