Finding the constant of this retarding force

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The discussion focuses on deriving the constant of a retarding force using the equations of motion. The user integrates the equations to express velocity as a function of time and subsequently distance. However, they encounter difficulty in solving for the unknowns of time and the constant. A suggestion is made to express velocity as a function of distance instead, leveraging a common technique in physics. This approach is expected to simplify the problem and facilitate the determination of the constant using provided data points.
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Homework Statement
A block of mass ##100 kg## is moving with velocity ##27,7 \frac{m}{s}##, which reduces to ##15 \frac{m}{s}## after a distance of ##200 m##. This change in velocity is caused by a force ##Fr=-cv^2## where ##c## is a constant and ##v## the velocity.
Find the value of the constant, the time that it takes to move the distance given and an expression for velocity in function of position.
Relevant Equations
##-Fr=m.a##
##-Fr=m.a##
##-cv^2=m.a##
##-cv^2=m.\frac{dv}{dt}##
##dt=-\frac{m}{cv^2} dv##

After integrating, I get
##t=\frac{m}{c.v}-\frac{m}{c.v_0}##
Then, solving for ##v## we get
##v=\frac{m.v_0}{v_0.t.c+m}##
##\frac{dx}{dt} = \frac{m.v_0}{v_0.t.c+m}##

After integrating that, I get an expression for ##x(t)##.
But how can I get the constant and the time? Because they are unknowns and if I try to use ##t(v)## and ##x(t)## I get an equation which I can't solve.
 
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Since you haven't been given the time here, it might be smarter to find the velocity as a function of distance, instead of finding it as a function of time. There is a well-known trick that is frequently used in these kinds of problems:
$$\frac{dv}{dt} = \frac{dv}{dx}\frac{dx}{dt}$$
 
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If you follow the hint by @Antarres you ll be able to find ##x(v)## which will be much simpler and will allow you to determine the constant c from the data given (200m,27.7m/s,15m/s). Then you can find the time t by the equation you have already found in the OP.
 
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The book claims the answer is that all the magnitudes are the same because "the gravitational force on the penguin is the same". I'm having trouble understanding this. I thought the buoyant force was equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Weight depends on mass which depends on density. Therefore, due to the differing densities the buoyant force will be different in each case? Is this incorrect?

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