How is converted the energy of a E.M. wave in a conductor

Click For Summary
SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the conversion of energy from electromagnetic (E.M.) waves in conductors, specifically how the oscillation of electrons transforms E.M. wave energy into kinetic energy and electrical current. It is established that the electric field of the wave generates a voltage along the wire, leading to current flow influenced by the wire's resistance and reactance. The conversation highlights that in a resistance-free wire, energy is re-radiated, while in a resistive circuit, some energy is dissipated as heat. Additionally, the inertia of electrons and phase shifts due to circuit capacitance affect the interaction between incoming and re-radiated waves, impacting the overall energy dynamics.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of electromagnetic wave propagation
  • Knowledge of electrical circuits, including resistance and reactance
  • Familiarity with concepts of kinetic energy and electron behavior in conductors
  • Basic principles of inductance and capacitance in circuits
NEXT STEPS
  • Research the principles of electromagnetic wave interaction with conductive materials
  • Study the effects of resistance and reactance on current flow in circuits
  • Explore the relationship between electron acceleration and energy radiation
  • Investigate phase shift phenomena in electrical circuits and their impact on wave behavior
USEFUL FOR

Physicists, electrical engineers, and students studying electromagnetism and circuit theory will benefit from this discussion, particularly those interested in energy conversion and wave interactions in conductive materials.

happyparticle
Messages
490
Reaction score
24
Homework Statement
How is converted the energy of a E.M. wave in a conductor
Relevant Equations
##u_i = u_e + u_m##
I'm thinking about how the energy is conserved when a E.M. wave pass through a conductor.
If a E.M. pass through a conductor, the electrons must move "oscillated", thus the energy from the E.M. wave is converted to kinematic energy.
Another way I see that is the E.M wave must generate a current.
I don't know if my intuition is correct, but either way, I can't prove the conservation of energy. The initial energy ##u_i = u_e + u_m \neq u_f + \frac{1}{2}mv^2##
I must forget something or it's not as simple as that.
 
Physics news on Phys.org
The electric field of the wave creates a voltage along the wire. This then creates a current in the wire dictated by the resistances and reactances which are present. (Notice that a piece of wire has its own distributed L and C even without adding anything to make a circuit). When the current flows, it means that electrons have been accelerated, and when they do this they radiate. For a wire having no resistance, any energy which is intercepted will be re-radiated due to electron acceleration. For a wire in a circuit with resistance, some of the energy intercepted will be re-radiated, the remainder warming the resistor.
The electrons have very small mass, so KE is negligible, but when they move they create a magnetic field, and this stores energy as if it were a mass. This gives inertia, as if we had mass.
The inertia means that the acceleration of the electrons in response to an incoming wave may be delayed, in a similar way to current in an inductor. Phase shift also arises due to capacitance in the circuit. The re-radiated wave will combine with the incoming wave causing it to be weaker due to the intercepted energy. However, if the re-radiated energy is shifted in phase, the passing EM wave can exhibit effects such as a shadow, or a bright reflection.
Notice that the physical length, shape and components of the circuit will, in a complex way, influence the power which is intercepted.
 

Similar threads

  • · Replies 1 ·
Replies
1
Views
1K
  • · Replies 21 ·
Replies
21
Views
2K
Replies
2
Views
1K
  • · Replies 1 ·
Replies
1
Views
1K
  • · Replies 4 ·
Replies
4
Views
3K
  • · Replies 18 ·
Replies
18
Views
3K
  • · Replies 10 ·
Replies
10
Views
2K
  • · Replies 62 ·
3
Replies
62
Views
9K
  • · Replies 13 ·
Replies
13
Views
3K
Replies
1
Views
1K